Essay about Network Security Monitoring Tools - 873 Words

There are numerous network security devices and tools available to aid in computer network defense, and these tools are often relied upon for protecting against increasingly sophisticated, stealthy, and damaging attacks. When acting alone, the current generation of security devices has an exceedingly difficult time providing an effective defense against such threats, and the situation is particularly grim for targeted or novel attacks. It has been demonstrated that a number of interoperable systems must be implemented to fully protect a network; a strategy known as Defense in Depth. Due to the multitude of security devices and device categories available, it can be very difficult to identify the correct tools for meeting security†¦show more content†¦Other than this, they essentially work via the same mechanism and share similar goals. There four general types of IDPS: Network-Based, Host-Based, Wireless, and Network Behavior Analysis (NBA) [NIST]. In practice, most products are either Network-Based (NIDPS) or Host-Based (HIDPS). HIDPS observes only a single host (in many cases a vital device such as a database server), which gives them the benefits of seeing unencrypted traffic and having direct input to the machine they are on. Wireless systems have many unique vulnerabilities and Wireless IDPS will not be discussed in this report. 2.2 NIDPS Goals Some vendors have begun to merge the Network-Based and Network Behavior Analysis types together, and the resulting device will be the first focus of this report. These NIDPS types will monitor protocol activity on the interface or network segment on which they are connected and will analyze it for signs of possible incidents. Incidents are defined as the exploiting of a vulnerability to attack the confidentiality, integrity or availability of an information system [Pfleeger]. Specifically, NBA is designed to detect abnormal traffic flows from DoS attacks, reconnaissance of the network, data ex-filtration (IDPS is also one of the few defenses against the troublesome insider threat), and other attacks that traverse the internal network;Show MoreRelatedNetwork Monitoring And Packet Analysis. A Network Monitoring1482 Words   |  6 PagesNetwork Monitoring and Packet Analysis A network monitoring software is one that continually checks developments within the network, completes examinations, and signals IT personnel whenever a fault occurs or unwarranted standards are exceeded (MSDN Microsoft Technet). Network monitoring is very important and is typically suggested in order to keep a record of the readiness, operation, and bandwidth standard in an IT network. Network monitoring allows the administrator to intervene quickly, evenRead MoreMonitor The Network Of Home And Office Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesObjective The objective of this project is to monitor the network of home and office and also to measure and provide network monitoring speed, power up and power down features for specific device. This also helps in monitoring the selected network devices along with speed uptime. In addition, this project also scans and provides the actual number of active computers in a network. Following are the project objectives 1. To publish network monitoring speed when a certain threshold is reached. 2. To knowRead MoreWhat Is Security Monitoring?729 Words   |  3 PagesSecurity monitoring of any IT infrastructure is one of the main aims of security professionals; to help avert any imminent security threats that might halt a company’s normal operation. The monitoring tools implemented should serve all or some of the IT security strategies such as risk acceptance, risk avoidance, risk sharing, and ultimately risk control. A typical Information Technology (IT) infrastructure has the seven domains that need to be adequately monitored from any risk using the followingRead MoreElements Of Network Security Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesElements of Network Security Introduction The primary objective of a network security system is to, in a cost effective manner, balance convenient access to legitimate users and inaccessibility to attackers. In a nutshell, the goal is to prevent connectivity to anyone intending to cause harm to the network. The harm to which this paper refers can come in the following forms: 1. Application-level security threats, such as e-mail viruses and attachments. 2. Threats to network infrastructureRead MorePrevention / Containment Measures For Cyber Threats1406 Words   |  6 PagesExternal Networks †¢ Implement Network Segmentation and Apply Firewalls †¢ Use Secure Remote Access Methods †¢ Establish Role-Based Access Controls and Implement System Logging †¢ Use Only Strong Passwords, Change Default Passwords, and Consider Other Access Controls †¢ Maintain Awareness of Vulnerabilities and Implement Necessary Patches and Updates †¢ Develop and Enforce Policies on Mobile Devices †¢ Implement an Employee Cyber security Training Program †¢ Involve Executives in Cyber security †¢ ImplementRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On An Institutions Security Program1713 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, the banking sector needs to comply with the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, and educational institutions receiving funding from the government have the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. Even though these acts are as comprehensive as possible in terms of covering security features organizations need to implement, there always exist circumstances wherein certain entities exploit vulnerabilities in an institution’s security program, thereby compromisingRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On An Institution s Security Program875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, the banking sector needs to comply with the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, and educational institutions receiving funding from the government have the Family Educational Rights and P rivacy Act. Even though these acts are as comprehensive as possible in terms of covering security features organizations need to implement, there always exist circumstances wherein certain entities exploit vulnerabilities in an institution’s security program, thereby compromisingRead MoreThe National Institute Of Standards And Technology1747 Words   |  7 PagesMonitoring The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines Information Security Continuous Monitoring as â€Å"maintaining ongoing awareness of information security, vulnerabilities, and threats to support organizational risk management decisions† (Dempsey, et al., 2011). NIST advocates for continuous monitoring of information security systems, by the process of defining the program, establishing it, implementing the program, analyzing and reporting findings, responding to the findingsRead MoreElements of Network Security1681 Words   |  7 PagesElements of Network Security Louis Kibby Network / Datacom I TCM 537 Mr. Stuart Sandler November 28, 2005 Elements of Network Security Introduction The primary objective of a network security system is to, in a cost effective manner, balance convenient access to legitimate users and inaccessibility to attackers. In a nutshell, the goal is to prevent connectivity to anyone intending to cause harm to the network. The harm to which this paper refers can come in the following forms: 1. Application-levelRead MoreFailures in Design and Security Principles1347 Words   |  6 Pagescompanys employees. Hackers who do intentionally tamper with the companys network often do so because they are tempted by assets they know are poorly protected. Weak security policies present the image that a company does not truly value its assets, which in turn attracts the petty thief and curiosity seeker. Therefore, the preventive element of any network security system should include a strong and enforceable security policy for its employees to follow, re-enforced by a form of technical protection

Race, gender and class in Faulkners Literature Essay

William Faulkner’s short story A Rose for Emily depicts the need for a hierarchy by which to rank and organize individuals by merit of their importance. Class, gender and race each play a vital role in determining the interactions of Jefferson’s residents. Notably, these issues affect how Emily Grierson, Homer Barron, and Emily’s Negro servant Tobe are treated by the townspeople, as well as their behavior. Together race, gender and class portray and define the characters for who they are and act to elucidate their positions in society. The hierarchy in Jefferson dictates that class supersedes gender, which in turn, supersedes race. At the center of Faulkner’s story is Emily Grierson a proper, old-fashioned monument to the past.†¦show more content†¦As Emily was considered an aristocrat of sorts in the town, her actions, inappropriate by any other woman, continued without question. In Jefferson, class superseded the stereotypes against a gender, and to an extent even law and logic. With rumors of a romantic relationship between Homer and Emily, the townspeople’s first reaction was to reject the notion as folly. The women of the town speculate that a â€Å"Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer† while the town elders believed that Emily would be unable to forget the â€Å"noblesse oblige†: the obligations of the higher class (Faulkner 311). In the eyes of the town, it would be improper for a woman of such high class to intermingle with a man of lower class. This, along with his affiliation with the Yankees, results in the town turning against Homer, despite his seemingly agreeable personality. Homer and Emily’s relationship created changes to the status quo. In turn these changes resulted in the summoning of Emily’s sister from Alabama; this decision, later regretted by the town, was a last ditch effort to preserve the conventional order of class within Jefferson. Despite the criticism Emily receives , she chooses to continue in her pursuit of Homer, demonstrating her continued indifference to the opinions of those around her, a benefit available to her because of her social class. Despite the abolishment of slavery across the United States in 1865, racism plays a role in the portrayal andShow MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily Psychoanalysis2422 Words   |  10 Pagesmetaphor in our analysis. The interpretation of these elements, the making of meaning out of them, then depends on the context or method of interpretation we apply to them. Thus we can easily see why a signifying elementlike the figure of the father in Faulkners A Rose for Emily-has so many different meanings. Do we interpret him historically as a metaphor of Southern manhood? Psychologically as the cause of Emilys neurosis? In a feminist context as a symbol of the patriarchal repression of freedom andRead MoreThe Cask Of Admontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe And The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1987 Words   |  8 PagesGender Roles in Literature Gender can be defined as the socially preconceived roles that are thought to be fitting for either men or women in a particular culture. These preconceived roles, stereotype men and women, ensnaring them into provincial boxes that prevent gender identity and expression (Fisher and Silber). Traditional gender roles, especially in the 18th and 19th century literature depicts women as delicate maidens, who are weak and submissive or as nurturing and sensitive characters takingRead MoreA Rose for Emily - Biography William Faulkner3892 Words   |  16 Pagespublished poet and an occasional screenwriter. 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In the first half of the 20th century, a number of high-profile magazines such as The Atlantic Monthly, Scribners and The Saturday Evening Post published short stories in each issue. TheRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 379 Using Venn-Euler Diagrams to Test for Invalidity ....................................................................... 385 The Logic of Only in Class Logic...................................................................................................... 395 Review of Major Points ...............................................................................................................

Social Networking at Workplace

Question: Discuss about the Social Networking at Workplace. Answer: Introduction Todays work environment is evolved from gossiping around the office premises to a series of likes, shares and tweets. Companies are recognizing the influence of social media in the workplace and its consequences. Social networking plays multiple roles in the workplace. It is a medium used to build relations with one another. Majorly it is a platform to build a strong relationship with the other employees. Today employers are using Facebook as a medium to screen the employees behavior. The main focus is to keep an eye over their activity. Employers are using Facebook and other social networking to screen the behavior of the present employees. It is justified with a theory that, the social networking is a personal platform which should not be used as a medium to judge personal life (Morgan, 2014). In recent years the recognition of social media has spread multiple times. The constant flow of information has created a more complex environment. Because information is available to anyone, the ability to use it in new ways has become an important characteristic of the current business atmosphere. Human has moved from the industrial era to the information era. Various reports show that, the use of global social media has increased greater. But the use of social media is an added advantage for the organization to create awarenesss (Jue et al, 2009). Social media is a significant platform to exchange information. It is affecting the personal and professional life of people largely. It is due to the social media which is creating a large difference in the life of people. It is a tool to overcome the differences which are caused due to continuous intervention. An employer keeps an eye on the activity of the employees activities. It is an unethical behavior per the privacy act. A result suggested that the employers are using social networking to find information about the candidate and his character. They are using social networking to monitor the activity of the employees. Some organization believes that, keeping an eye on employees helps the company to protect from any future wrong. Employees are disgracing the organization through social networking. It causes tensions and complete chaos in the organization. This may damage the reputation of the company. It can even lead to serious legal issues. Companies should not use social networking to check the social background of the candidate, whereas it is the duty of the employees not to defame the organization on the social platform. This is affecting the regulatory framework (Should Companies Monitor Their Employees' Social Media, 2014). Everyone is familiar with the term ethics and ethical conduct. It is associated with the words right and good, along with their opposites wrong and bad. In ethical terms right has different meaning. These are the obligations and duties towards others. The aim to understand ethical conduct is to improve the moral functioning of an individual (Shaw, 2016). Business ethics examines that ethical principles are well implemented in business environment. In this age of transformation, business ethics are a necessity to imply in day-to-day smooth functioning (Fryer, 2014) The internet has changed many human resource practices, and techniques of recruitment. However, the use of social networking website such as MySpace, Face book, LinkedIn for recruitment, hiring, and terminating individual is a new concept. Workplace ethics and behavior is an important dimension of an employment (Davison et. al, 2011). Ethics and behavior are equally important for the growth of the company as profits and team-work. The employee has to adhere to the guidelines which are issued by the company. Profits are subject to fluctuation, but business ethics helps in achieving overall goals without any extra costing. The impact of social media is increasing at the workplace. This growing trend is affecting the relationship in between managers, employees, and job applicants. It can change the boundaries between professional and personal life. Using social networking at workplace reflects the poor policies of the organization (Byrnside, 2008). Employers are using social networking profiles to shortlist the candidates for recruitment purpose. It is illegal to judge employment decision on the basis of social networking profile. The information available there is not fair and true to decide the fortune of the applicant. It is directly an invasion of privacy, discrimination, and violation of fair terms of service. They are keeping a check over employees daily activities. The use of social networking to make HR decisions is definitely on the rise. (Davison et. al, 2011). An organization culture comprise of the beliefs, values, and practices that have evolved for solving stakeholder relationship (Jones et al, 2007). To fight with the unethical HR practices at workplace, it is necessary to stick to the ethical and stakeholder theory. They focus on whistle blowing the awkward situations (Landers Schmidt, 2016). Interest of the business depends on the stakeholders. It is necessary to balance the rights of the employees. This is an unethical mean to judge an applicant s future (Trevino Weaver, 2003). Employers are using social networking to keep a check over employees activities. They keep an eye on the activities of the employees, to check whether employees are saying wrong things about the company. Employees should avoid adding false information, which can later harm them. Stakeholder theory helps in understanding the relationship in between internal and external group. They help in achieving the overall goal of the organization. It largely depends on the kind of relation one have with the outsiders. The interest of an organization lies in employees interest. The organization interest lies with the fulfillment of the goals of its employees. Social media can hinder the overall growth of an organization if misused. Older workers who continue to work have a different attitude from the young workers. These workers are persistent in the work, despite of continuing age difference. Older workforce have positive attitude towards their work. They are favored by the employers due to their dedication and positive attitude. Younger employees have different attitude towards posting things on social networking. They have no idea about adding inappropriate things on their profile. The younger generation is more expressive and impulsive. They follow a different value system based on their own knowledge and standards. They dont want to be questioned on the ground of ethics and values. Neither, have they wanted any kind of interference by employers in their personal life. The social networking profile is their personal place to post or share photos and comments. These conflicting situations are creating the problem. On one hand social networking sites are providing scholarly study whereas, there are subtexts l ike Facebook and twitter is causing damage to the internal structure of the organization. Employers are accessing employees profile to keep a check on their daily activity (Stoughton, J. et al.2015). It is due to their difference of attitude towards work. Younger generation seek more freedom and non-interference. The decision to ban or not to ban use of social networking by the employers need to be given importance. Employers should ensure that the policies are being adhered properly. The growing desire of social networking is due to enlarging friends circle. Vulnerabilities threaten the integrity of network security. One should understand the necessity to separate social and private life. But, collecting information from ones profile to judge their employability is not an ethical thing. As per the Australia law, retrieving personal information from personal profile is an illegal act. Employers are spying on their team profile to see, what they talk about their organization. They se e employees personal views about organization, their habits, etc. they judge employees credibility depending on their profile. But this does not provide employees the right to retrieve personal information from their profile. Sometimes the information mentioned is totally different from what they are. Taking decisions on the basis of profile is not fair on long run. Every employee has different views about their workplace. No employer has an authority to check employees personal actions to judge his professional life. This generation is more expressive about what they feel. Blogs, social networking is becoming a platform to express feelings. These days organizations are setting certain norms and conditions in advance. This measure is used to seek employee assistance in managing workplace ethics. They are mentioning in advance not to publish offensive information about the company. Employers need to find a middle way which satisfies everyones motive. A progressive employee focuses on interest of the organization and its employees. It is due to the changing behavior and growing social circle. Forward looking managers recognize the existing potential of the social media and incorporate them into the internal communication. A manager should improve idea by asking employees the processes which are not working properly and provide possible solutions to correct them. He should engage employees with the responsibility to go online to gather information. He should take employees advice to make the workplace more interesting. He should be focused on creating more effective communication in between employees and organization. Emplo yees who feel respected become an asset to the organization. Above all, employees wanted to be seen as real people. Face to face conversation with the employees can be an added advantage. The use of social media at workplace give arises to the new issues. It needs to be taken in a positive spirit (Rasmussen et al, 2012). The introduction of a social networking inside a large organization enables communication, both personal and professional. Internal use of intranet helps in building strong bond in between employees and the employers. It helps in providing huge motivation for professional development (Strater Lipford, 2008). In a good economy, unemployment is low and confidence is high. The younger generation is first to find a new job. Younger generation tend to switch from one job to another. A recent trend shows that, due to impulsive nature they jumpfrom one job to another in case of low job satisfaction (Edwards, 2016). Blurred social media boundaries have increased privacy related issue in an organization. Today, the employer emphasizing on employees online activities by monitoring their social media profile, evaluating applicants on the basis of their profile; moreover, they are limiting employees online activities. Young generation is more carefree than older generation. Despite giving employers all the access to the social networking profile, they want a segregated professional and private life (Abril et al, 2012)a study shows that continuous use of Facebook causes a treat to privacy. Social networking use is causing a big time threat to the personal privacy; whereas one ignores that their profi le is visible to a large section. Most users do not understand the restrictive use of social media. Restricting it to only close acquaintances will help in resolving the privacy threat. This generation is less careful about expressing their views through social media. Every detail about personal life is shared through Facebook, twitter, MySpace, etc. employers are becoming more attentive. They are using the social media as a tool to check the genuineness. They use it to see whether the employees are saying the truth or not. Nowadays, they are using social networking to cross check their activities outside the workplace. Some of the organizations are strict for using social networking at workplace. They keep a check on employees activities at workplace by keeping a continuous check. Personal information which cannot be asked in general interviews is retrieved through social networking (Rebecca et al., 2016). Todays generation is posting every small detail on their profile. The employ er finds it an easy way to gather information to shortlist the employees. Some considers it as an unethical practice some dont. But social networking is affecting the personal life. The only solution to this problem is by finding a middle way which resolve the ongoing war in between employees and employers(Debatin,2009). A large section of society has become obsessed with using social networking asa tool to share their personal life on a social platform. The young generation doesnt understand to limit sharing their life events on social networking. Implementing a social media policy makes a business fair in legal sense. It helps in managing employees by limiting their exposure to expensive legal problems. It provides information to the employees to use the social media in a responsible manner. It should contain a mix of guidelines pertaining to code of conduct. Effective rule includes provisions regarding appropriate language and content. It helps in avoiding serious issues that can arise when an employee misuses the social media. The organization following soft HRM practices is considered as the unitarist approach. These practices are harmonious in the interest of the organization. Pluralist approach recognizes the different approaches of the employees. It is noticed that strategic HRM is implemented to show the relationship within the organization. An aggressive strategy of human resource enhances the productivity, but hurts the sentiments of the employees. Strategic human resource management is not employees centric, but causes high level of job insecurity. It is noticed that the strategic HRM in the region of the Australia is a mixture of both. There is a necessity to draw the policies which helps in building mutual cooperation between employees and employers. Corporation has a social responsibility to help in overall well being of the communities by the compliance of business ethics and standards. It is the duty of the manager to harness mutual cooperation in the organization. Workplace ethics are an important aspect to be followed regularly. Employer needs to motive an employee towards positivity. The only solution to this problem is mutual understanding(Zgheib,2014). The technology has exerted large influence on the way of life. The modified concept of motivations has lead to many issues n day-to-day life. The event of internet abuse can only be controlled by keeping a check over the activities of the employees. There is a necessity to incorporate workplace ethics in regular life. It will enhance the overall productivity of an organization (Simmers et al, 2006) Conclusion: It is clear that social networking sites are causing major issue to the well being of the organization. Social networking plays multiple roles in an organization. Facebook is used by the employers for checking the activity of the employees. Vulnerabilities threatens the integrity of network security should not be used as a medium to judge. There is a necessity to draw the policies which helps in building mutual cooperation between employees and employers. The recent research has shown the trends related to employees using social networking in the benefit of the organization. Most of the decisions are based on information visible at social networking. This simply shows professional interference in employees personal space. Social networking is a place to share personal opinion, what one feels about. Professional etiquettes dont allow any employer to judge the character of an employee from his social profile. Moreover, it is the duty of the employees to restrict them by posting limited information. They should avoid posting wrong and defaming information. They should not write any offensive information on their social profile which may damage the interest of the organization. There is a need to build a friendly atmosphere in between employer and employee. This can only happen if both understand their rights and limitations. In this information age, the world has changed into a small place. It is necessary to harness mutual understanding among each other. References: Abril,P., Riego,A. Levin, A.2012.Blurred Boundaries: Social Media Privacy and the Twenty-First-Century Employee .American business law journal 2012 Buren, H Greenwood,M Sheehan, C.2011. International Human Resource Management: Theoretical and Strategic Advances. Human Resource Management Review Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 159-256 (September 2011) Byrnside, I.2008. Six clicks of separation: The legal ramifications of employers using social networking sites to research. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 2008 Davison,H. , Maraist,C Bing,M. 2015.Friends Or Foe? The promise and pitfalls of using social networking sites for HR Decisions .Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 26, No. 2, Bridging the Gap Between the Science and Practice of Psychology in Organizations: State of the Practice Reflections (June 2011), pp. 153-159 Debatin, B.2009. Facebook and Online Privacy: Attitudes, Behaviours, and Unintended Consequences.Journal of computer mediated communication Edwards, V. 2016. Online. Retrieved from: Generational attitudes: younger workers on the gohttps://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/generational-attitudes-younger-workers-on-t2heo/news-story/bebf1ffd2c1339521ff81edfada6f0d4 Accessed on 15 September 2016 Felps, W.2007. Ethical theory and stakeholder-related decisions: The role of stakeholder culture - Academy of Management Review. Academy of Management Review2007, Vol. 32, No. 1, 137155. Online. Retrieved from:https://www.academia.edu/622389/Ethical_theory_and_stakeholder-related_decisions_The_role_of_stakeholder_culture_-_Academy_of_Management_Review Accessed on : 16 September 2016 Fryer,M.2014. Ethics Theory and Business Practice. USA:SAGE Jones, T. Felps,W. Bigley,G. Ethical Theory and Stakeholder-Related Decisions: The Role of Stakeholder Culture January 1, 2007 vol. 32 no. 1 137-155 Jue, A. ,Marr,J. Kassotakis,M.2009. Social Media at Work: How Networking Tools Propel Organizational Performance.USA: John Wiley Sons, Landers,R. Schmidt,G.2016. Social Media in Employee Selection and Recruitment: Theory, Practice, and Current Challenges. Springer, Marantoa,G ,Barton,M. 2010. Paradox and Promise: MySpace, Facebook, and the Sociopolitics of Social Networking in the Writing Classroom Computers and Composition Volume 27, Issue 1, March 2010, Pages 3647.Online.Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8755461509000838 Accessed on 16 September 2016 Morgan, J.2014. [Online]. Retrieved from : https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/11/18/facebook-for-the-workplace-a-bad-idea-or-a-game-changer/#798217261a3c Accessed on 16 September 2016 Rasmussen,R. Aliisa Mylonas,A. Beck,H.2012. Investigating Business Communication and Technologies.UK: Cambridge University Press Rebecca,C.,Lori,V. Theodore.2016. Organizational Surveillance of Computer-Mediated Workplace Communication: Employee Privacy Concerns and Responses. Employee Responsibilities Rights Journal. Mar2016, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p23-43. Shaw,W.2016. Business Ethics.USA: Cengage Learning Simmers,C., Anandarajan,M. Teo,T.2006. The Internet and Workplace Transformation Volume 7 of Advances in management information systems.M.E.Sharpe Stoughton, J. et al.2015.Examining Applicant Reactions to the Use of Social Networking Websites in Pre-Employment Screening. Journal of Business Psychology. Mar2015, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p73-88. 16p. Strater,K Lipford ,H. Strategies and Struggles with Privacy in an Online Social Networking Community.Online.Retrieved from: https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_hc08_v1_paper11.pdf Accessed on 16 September 2016 The Wall Street Journal.2014. Should Companies Monitor Their Employees' Social Media? https://www.wsj.com/articles/should-companies-monitor-their-employees-social-media-1399648685 Trevio,L. Weaver,G. 2003. Managing Ethics in Business Organizations: Social Scientific Perspective. Stanford University Press, Zgheib, P.2014. Business Ethics and Diversity in the Modern Workplace Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development.IGI Global.

Text Painting in LHeure Exquise by Reynaldo Hahn Essay Example For Students

Text Painting in LHeure Exquise by Reynaldo Hahn Essay Reynolds Hahn (August 9, 1875 -January 28, 1947) was a Venezuelan, naturalized French, composer, conductor, music critic, diarist, theatre director, and salon singer. Best known as a composer of songs, he wrote in the French classical tradition tot the m ©oldie. The fine craftsmanship, remarkable beauty, and originality of his works, Probably the most beautiful pieces (in my opinion) ever composed by Hahn was Allure issues with is simplicity and perfect illustration of text. The (Preach) text reads: La Lune balance ITT Dana Sees Bois De chase branches art nun voice souse la ram ©e. O been aim ©e. L ©tang reef ©et, profound mirror, la silhouette du sale noir o lee vent pleurae. R ©vans, test lures. Un vast et tender appeasement assemble descended du firmament queue Vaster irises. Chest Rehire issues! Translated: The White moon shines in the woods. From each branch springs a voice beneath the arbor. Oh my beloved, Like a deep mirror the pond reflects the silhouette of the black willow where the Wind weeps. Let us dream! It is the hour A vast and tender calm seems to descend from a sky dad iridescent by the moon. It is the exquisite hour! The accompaniment to the piece is quite lovely and is perfect for the txt of the piece. The speaker in this art song, which is usually sung by high voice although it has been transposed, is speaking of how perfect the setting is for them to be with their lover. While the meter of the music flows along in a docile sense it almost has a tedious sense about it. The detail to which the speaker lends their description gives a little bit of anxiety almost because of how delicate the scene seems to be. Its almost as if the speaker vans to be careful not to break the perfection as if it has the tensile strength Of a cobweb even. We will write a custom essay on Text Painting in LHeure Exquise by Reynaldo Hahn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Small breaks in the accompaniment to be left to the soloist give a sense of very careful treading so as not to send anything Off kilter. The vocal line sits in the middle range providing ease and allowing the vocalist to portray simplicity and awe, these two characteristics being carefully energize in the sphere Of anxiousness and carefulness. The vocal line is occasionally taken into the higher part of the range UT is still kept quiet, almost in a kind of accidental excitement that must be quickly drawn back. In the last verse of the piece the text and rhythm are brought to their most excited state where Hahn almost doubles all of the rhythms used in the verse the duple meters where the poet speaks of a a calmness descending on them. This lines subtle tension is brought perfectly relieved by a last line entering the upper loftier part of the voice , yet still quieted, where it the brought almost into a homily like cadence that allows for some free mime to he taken between the collaborative instruments and the voice. I would say that this piece is loved by audiences of all kinds pretty much across the board and the text could almost not be taken in a romantic text although believe most people perceive it this way. It seems to me however to me that it could also be noticed as a lullaby, maybe between a mother and child. Either way the text would still be just as delicate and Hahn would have been just as brilliant in his interpretation.

Personal Development Plan

Personal Development Plan Introduction A Personal Development Plan (PDP) is cited in literature as a key step in defining and exploring one’s goals, and mapping out ways of turning the same goals into reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Development Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Keynote Project (2002, p. 1) for example observes that students can use PDP to articulate the skills they are developing in the present and match the same to â€Å"opportunities in the future†. Cassidy (2012, p. 1) provides a more succinct definition of PDP by terming it a â€Å"form of self-managed learning that is owned by the individual and enables a strategic approach to setting learning and development goals†. In an educational setup, it would be expected that PDPs will enable students to receive feedback that will assist them in their personal and professional development, and benefit them with the feedback provided by their tutors. In this writer’s case, PDP will be used as a tool for managing own development. Additionally, the PDP as articulated hereunder will provide this writer with an opportunity to expand on own personal, academic and professional horizons. In other words, this exercise provides this writer with an opportunity to take stock of own position; set goals; and use the unique skills and competencies in the academic as well as the professional setup now and in the future. Additionally, the writer will identify areas that need more effort, and as such, will intentionally pay more effort in such areas in future in order to become effective in present or future roles.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, it has been suggested that PDP is important for people who need (or are forced by circumstances) to take responsibility of â€Å"their own development and follow-through† with the same (Cassidy 2012, p. 1). Interpreted, the aforementioned means that every learner needs to use PDP not only because higher learning requires a degree of independent learner-directed learning, but also because it helps the students to identify what their learning needs are, and thus work towards fulfilling the same. Acculturation Acculturation has been has defined as â€Å"a dual process affecting members of two or more cultural groups as each adapts to the presence of the other† (Barjesteh Vaseghi 2012, p. 579). In higher learning, acculturation has become a commonplace thing as students from different cultures meet in the college environment each in the pursuit of an education. Foreign (international) students interact with students from the host country and the first-hand contact between the two groups of students eventually means that the original cultures of either side are affected. Notably, acculturation is important in group or te am dynamics since members need not only get a task done, but also need to work well together as suggested by Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt (2005, p.1). Without students understanding and respecting each other’s cultural differences, chances are that team work would not be successful. Barjesteh and Vaseghi (2012, p. 580) name language shock and culture shock as main factors that contribute to psychological distance among international students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Development Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language is especially important for such students because as Schumann (1986, p. 385) notes, verbal interactions enable communication and negotiations among people from different cultures. Trawinski (2005, p. 14) further notes that the ability of a learner to benefit from academic input depends on their ability to understand and convert materials taught in class (most likely in a secon d acquired language) into meaningful information. For such students to benefit from course materials, Trawnski (2005, p. 18) argues that the communicative, integrative and expressive functions of language have to be efficient from both sides of the message divide (i.e. the message sender and the message recipient). This writer went through the full course of â€Å"the process of acculturation† as defined by Brown (1980 cited by Barjesteh Vaseghi 2012, p. 580). Specifically, the writer underwent the euphoria stage where excitement took precedence owing to the newness of the college environment. Next was the culture shock stage where the writer felt a sense of intrusion as the reality of the new surroundings, cultural differences and the loss of familiar signs and social symbols as suggested by Yue and Le (2012, p.134) started becoming a reality. Cultural stress then took over and during this phase, the writer started a gradual recovery of self-identity also understanding, acc epting and being accepted by others. By the time of this exercise, this writer has attained full recovery as suggested by Barjesteh Vaseghi (2012, p. 580) whereby, the writer has adopted, assimilated and accepted the new culture. Additionally, this writer has developed a new identity, which arguably fits well into the college environment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The full recovery stage is especially essential in learning since this writer can now comprehend different types of communication in the host culture; however, the writer is still working on his verbal communication skills as indicated in the Skills Audit Report in Appendix A. The verbal communication skills are especially important in teamwork since they affect the writer’s ability to take up leadership position, his presentation skills, and his ability to communicate effectively with the team members. True to Lakey (2003, p. 111), people from diverse cultures â€Å"successfully acculturate themselves to the degree that they learn to code and decode messages in a way that they will be recognised, accepted, and responded to by an individual or group which they interact†; and while this writer can confidently state that he has been successful in decoding messages communicated to him, coding his messages in a manner that enables effective communication to his colleagues is still something that he is working towards. Team work and presentation skills Based on the Belbin’ Team roles personal inventory as illustrated in Appendix B, this writer scored highest in IM (Company worker/implementer) by acquiring 14 points, and in PL (Plant) by acquiring 9 points. Following Belbin’s (1993) roles on the corresponding individual types, it is thus apparent that the writer’s positive abilities include self-discipline, hard-work, practical commonsense, and the ability to organise. The corresponding allowable weaknesses indicate that the writer lacks flexibility, and is unresponsive to â€Å"new or unproven ideas† (Belbin 1993, n.pag). The high score in PL (Plant) are further indicative that the writer has additional positive qualities that include knowledge, intellect and imagination. The corresponding allowable weaknesses as indicated by Belbin include an inclination to pay no or little attention to practical details and/or protocol. A s indicated in the Skills Audit Report (Appendix A), this writer’s main weaknesses are in leadership, presentation skills, and in verbal communication. In the writer’s own perspective, the three weaknesses as interrelated owing to the fact that the inability to communicate effectively affects his presentation skills, and this invariably dents his confidence towards being a capable leader. As indicated in Appendix A however, the writer seeks to improve his verbal communication skills, and this will directly affect the presentation and leadership skills as well. Reports and Academic Journal Comparisons Despite the weaknesses noted above, and the indication that this writer is best suited as a company worker/implementer and plant position, it is common knowledge that finding a â€Å"perfect† person is impossible in real life. As such, the writers’ strengths and weaknesses although creating the impression of an imperfect learner/job applicant, also indicate t hat this writer’s qualities of being organised, knowledgeable and meticulous make him an ideal candidate for a team where all the nine skills as indicated in the Belbin model are necessary. Team-based management systems are increasingly considered necessary for enhancing the productivity and effectiveness in organisation as indicated by Gà ¼ndà ¼z (2008, p. 460), Partington and Harris (1993, p. 694) and Katzenbach and Smith (1993, p. 111). Similarly, and upon entering the postgraduate programs, and on proceeding further to the professional environment, this writer expects to be part of bigger teams as working alone in the current team-based workplace environments is to some extent, outdated. A team is defined as the â€Å"small group of people who make contributions to the common goal, who perform in accordance with the goals, who depend on each other with the mutual feeling of responsibility and who have complementary skills† (Gà ¼ndà ¼z 2008, p. 461). In other wo rds, this writer’s skills would need to compliment those of his team mates for purposes of attaining a common goal. The team roles of the writer as indicated in Appendix B â€Å"describes how suitable the member is for the team† as indicated by Belbin (2010, p.120). On their part, Fisher, Hunter and Macrosson (1998, p. 284) observe that team roles as stipulated in the Belbin Model should be used universally (even outside management teams). Notably however, Aritzeta, Swailes and Senior (2005, p. 20) observe that â€Å"Belbin did not report the theoretical foundations of his theory†, and as such, the theory has a limitation. Some critics like Broucek and Randel (1996, p. 403) further argue that the Belbin model is based on an anecdote. Despite the omission of not basing his model on any theoretical ground, Aritzeta et al. (2005, p. 21) observes that the empirical formulation of Belbin’s work can still be linked to established theories. Among authors who sup port the Belbin Model are Fisher et al. (1998, p. 284) who observe that although there are dominant team roles for each individual, it does not mean that he/she cannot play other team roles. The major factors that determine the roles that a person can play in a team include their intelligence, extroversion or introversion, stability or anxiety, and dominance or lack thereof (Fisher et al., 1998, p.285). The aforementioned factors affect how teams interact, and their level of productivity, while team roles obtain the balance needed for team members to work harmoniously and productively. Notably, and as indicated in the Skills Audit Report, this writer still needs to work on his verbal communication skills, his leadership skills, and his presentation skills if his contributions to a team will be realized. Without the finding a solution to the three weak areas, this writer acknowledges that the team roles of being an implementer or a plant that generates ideas through imagination or in novation, cannot be realized without the appropriate communication skills. Personal Planning and Action Plan The requirement of this writer’s role as a team player In the global environment where this writer (and others) lives in, it would be expected that working in teams would expose one to people from different cultures. In the management field therefore, it is essential for this writer to concentrate on finding solutions to the three weak areas identified in the Skills Audit Report (Appendix A), and finding ways to overcome the threats identified in the SWOT analysis report (Appendix C). In the latter, this writer identified homesickness and the global competition in the workplace as the main threats. To overcome them, this writer will therefore need to gain skills and knowledge that will give him a competitive edge over others (i.e. in case of the global competition), and will also need to find ways of overcoming the homesickness (e.g. by calling friends and families) of ten. This writer will also need to find solutions to the major weaknesses facing him and intends to do the following in order of sequence: Become a better communicator Become better in presenting ideas and innovations Become a leader As indicated in the Skills Audit Report (Appendix A), this writer’s main strengths include time management skills, self-motivation, and the ability to work well in teams. The writer’s strengths are further evident in the Skills, Knowledge and Attitude (SKA Analysis) (Appendix D), where time management, office skills, decision-making skills, and flexibility are his skills strong point. Additionally, this writer is knowledgeable in researching and has experience working in his specialty. Attitude-wise, this writer is a realist and as shown in Appendix E (Learning Style Questionnaire), the writer has three dominant learning styles namely activist, reflector and theorist. On self-evaluation though, this writer is more convinced that the refl ector and theorist learning styles are more applicable in his case. A SMART action plan Specific goal: To be a better communicator, presenter of ideas and innovations, and a leader in the next two years. Measurable: To communicate eloquently in the English language; to make presentations to my peers in college and colleagues in the workplace; and to assume emergent leadership positions in college and/or in the workplace. Attainable: Practice my communication skills more alone or with the help of a privately acquired tutor; practice my presentation skills with a friend with the view of perfecting them in readiness for a bigger audience; and vie for leadership positions in college and/or in the workplace. Relevance: The goals are meant to counter the weaknesses identified in the Skills Audit Report indicated in appendix A. Time-Bound: Activity Time Length Measurable Milestones Enabling factors Improve verbal communication skills 6 months Ability to communicate eloquently A budget to acquire a private tutor to help with the verbal communication skills; time; and motivation to learn Enhance presentation skills 6 -12 months Ability to make informative and attention-capturing presentations; eliciting audience response thus indicating effective communication A willing colleague/friend to act as an audience, and one who will be willing to comment and criticise where necessary. Become a leader 12 months Vying for leadership positions and getting support for the same as a sign of people’s confidence in this writer’s leadership abilities The availability of leadership positions; writer’s leadership potential and its appeal to other people in the college or organisational setup. Conclusions and Reflection As inferred in the above sections, this writer is not only studying in a culture that is different from his own, but is also likely to continue with the same working in the global environment where people from different cultures mee t to work for same organisations. As such, as one who intends to obtain a leadership position in future, this writer realises the need not only to understand what is communicated to him, but also to communicate efficiently to others. It is for such reasons that this writer identifies the inadequate verbal communications skills, the inadequate presentation skills, and the lack of leadership skills as the three main weaknesses that he needs to improve on. Notably, and as indicated elsewhere in this PDP, an improvement in one (i.e. verbal communication) will probably have an undeniable effect on the other two, since this writer has the knowledge in his area of specialty, with his main hindrance being in his inability to communicate effectively. As a realist, this writer acknowledges that the vision to become a leader can only be attained after successfully becoming a better communicator and an adept presenter of ideas and innovations. After all, leadership is earned, and such can only happen if one is clearly understood and supported by others. Additionally, leaders commune the mission and vision to their followers, something that would not happen if one is not able to communicate effectively. References Aritzeta, A, Swailes, S Senior, B 2005, ‘Team roles: psychometric evidence, construct validity and team building’, Research Memorandum- Centre for Management and Organizational Learning, Business School, University of Hull, no. 51, pp. 1-39. Web. Barjesteh, H Vaseghi, R 2012, ‘Acculturation model for L2 acquisition: review and evaluation’, Advances in Asian Social Science (AASS), vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 579-584. Belbin, R. M 1993, Team roles at work, Elsevier, London. Belbin, R. M 2010, The management of teams- Why they succeed or fail, Routledge, London; New York. Broucek, W. G Randell, G 1996, ‘An assessment of construct validity of the Belbin self-perception inventory and observer’s assessment from the perspective of the fi ve-factor model’, Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, vol. 69, pp. 389-405. Cassidy, C 2012, ‘(b) Personal development Plan’, Appendix_3b. Web. Fisher, S, Hunter, T Mackrosson, W 1998, ‘The structure of Belbin’s team roles’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 71, pp. 283-288. Gà ¼ndà ¼z, H. B (2008), ‘An evaluation on Belbin’s team roles theory (the case of Sakarya Anatolian profession High School, Profession High School and Vocational High School for Industry)’, World Applied Sciences Journal, vol.4, no. 3, pp. 460-469. Katzenbach, J. R Smith, K 1993, ‘The discipline of teams’, Harvard Business Review, March-April, pp. 11-120. Lakey, P. N 2003, ‘Acculturation: a review of the literature’, Intercultural Communication Studies, Vol. XII, No. 2, PP. 103-118. Partington, D Harris, H 1999, ‘Team role balance and team performance: an empirical studyà ¢â‚¬â„¢, Journal of Management Development, vol. 18, no.8, pp. 694-705. Schumann, J. H 1986, Research on acculturation model for L2 acquisition, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, vol.7, pp. 379-397. The Keynote Project 2002, ‘Personal development planning guide’, The Nottingham Trent University. Web. Tidd, J, Bessant, J Pavitt, K 2005, ‘managing innovation- team building tools’. Web. Trawinski, M 2005, An outline of second language acquisition theories, Academic Pedagogic, Krakow. Yue, Y Le, Q 2012, ‘From â€Å"cultural shock† to â€Å"ABC framework†: Development of intercultural contact theory’, International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 133-141. Appendices Appendix A: Skills Audit Report (.pdf file) Appendix B: Team Roles Personal Inventory (.pdf file) Appendix C: SWOT analysis Strengths: Good in time management Strong teamwork skills Orderly and good in plannin g Weaknesses: Very shy Problem with speech Irascible Opportunities: Study in Britain Unmarried Large family Threats: Competitive job opportunities Homesickness Appendix D: S.K.A analysis Skills : Time management Office skills Decision maker Flexible Knowledge : Experience in my specialty. Ability to do research. Readers interested in my specialty. Attitude: Optimistic Realistic Appendix E: Learning Style Questionnaire (.pdf file)

The Neuter Gender in Spanish

The Neuter Gender in Spanish Él and ella. Nosotros and nosotras. El and la. Un and una. El profesor and la profesora. In Spanish, everything is either masculine or feminine, right? Not quite. True, Spanish isnt like German, where in terms of gender nouns fall into three classifications (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Indeed, in Spanish, nouns are either masculine or feminine. But Spanish does have use for the neuter form, which can come in handy when referring to concepts or ideas. The thing to keep in mind about Spanishs neuter form is that it is never used to refer to known objects or people, and there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives. Here, then, are the cases where youll see the neuter used: Lo as the Neuter Definite Article Chances are that youre familiar with el and la, which usually are translated as the in English. Those words are known as definite articles because they refer to definite things or people (el libro, for example, refers to a specific book). Spanish also has a neuter definite article, lo, but you cant use it before a noun like you do el or la because there are no neuter nouns. Instead, lo is used before singular adjectives (and sometimes possessive pronouns) when they function as nouns, usually referring to a concept or category, not to a single concrete object or a person. If youre translating into English, there is no one way in which lo is always translated; youll usually need to supply a noun, the choice of which depends on the context. In most cases, what is is a possible translation for lo. A sample sentence should help make this easier to understand: Lo importante es amar. Here importante is the adjective (generally in the masculine singular when used with lo) functioning as a noun. You could use a variety of English translations: The important thing is to love. What is important is to love. The important aspect is to love. Here are some other sample sentences with possible translations: Lo mejor es el baà ±o. (The best part is the bathroom. The best thing is the bathroom.)Lo nuevo es que estudia. (Whats new is that hes studying. The new thing is that he studies.)Me gusta lo francà ©s. (I like French things. I like what is French.)Le di lo inà ºtil a mi hermana. (I gave the useless stuff to my sister. I gave the useless items to my sister. I gave what was useless to my sister. Note that you couldnt use lo à ºtil for a specific object that has a name. If were referring to a useless spoon, for example, you could say la inà ºtil  because the word for spoon, cuchara, is feminine.  )Puedes pintar lo tuyo. (You can paint whats yours. You can paint your things.) It is also possible to use lo in this way with some adverbs, but this usage isnt as common as the cases above: Me enojà ³ lo tarde que salià ³. (It angered me how late he left. The lateness of his leaving angered me.) Lo as a Neuter Direct Object Lo is used to represent an idea or concept when it is the direct object of a verb. (This may not look like a neuter use, because lo can also be used as a masculine pronoun.) In such usages, lo is usually translated as it. No lo creo. (I dont believe it.)Lo sà ©. (I know it.)No lo comprendo. (I dont understand it.)No puedo creerlo. (I cant believe it.) In these cases, lo/it doesnt refer to an object, but to a statement that has been made earlier or that is understood. Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns Usually, demonstrative pronouns are used to point at an object: à ©ste (this one), à ©se (that one), and aquà ©l (that one over there). The neuter equivalents (esto, eso, and aquello) are all unaccented, end in -o, and have roughly the same meanings, but as is the case with the direct object lo, they usually refer to an idea or concept rather than an object or person. They can also refer to an unknown object. Here are some examples of its use: No olvides esto. (Dont forget this.)No creo eso. (I dont believe that.0 ¿Quà © es aquello? (What is that over there?) ¿Te gustà ³ eso? (Did you like that?)No me importa esto. (This isnt important to me.) Note that the final two sentences must refer to an event, situation, or process rather than an object with a name. For example, if youre walking in a dark jungle and get a creepy feeling about something that might happen, no me gusta esto would be appropriate. But if youre sampling a hamburger and dont care for it, no me gusta à ©sta would be appropriate (à ©sta is used because the word for hamburger, hamburguesa, is feminine). Ello Ello is the neuter equivalent of à ©l and ella. Its use these days is unusual, and only in literature are you likely to find it used as the subject of a sentence. It usually is translated as it or this. Note that in these examples, ello refers to an unnamed situation rather than a specified thing. Hemos aprendido a vivir con ello. (We have learned to live with it.)Por ello no pudo encontrar la trascendencia que hubiera deseado. (Because of it, he couldnt find the transcendence he had wanted.)

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Homelessness - Essay Example Governments as well as organizations have tried in combating the issue of homelessness but the fight is yet to be won. The state of homelessness is not pleasant. According to worldwide survey conducted in 2005, it was apparent that there were more than one hundred million people without permanent dwellings across the world; it is almost obvious that this figure has grown with time considering the exponentially advancing capitalism economy across the world. The worst hit is countries in Africa and some parts of Asia, the situation in the United States and Europe is better. According to a survey by the National Alliance to End Homelessness, there was a minimal reduction in the state of homelessness in America between 2009 and 2011; this reduction was by a margin of one percent (Coalition of the Homeless of Central Florida 1). The reduction was attributed to several advancements in the side of the Federal government as well as the state governments. A major breakthrough has been courtesy of an innovative program launched in 2010 by the federal government dubbed Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program ( Coalition of the Homeless of Central Florida 1). Various causes are accompanied by homelessness all across the world. It appears that the driving forces are the same, poverty. United States is one of the countries that enjoy low rates of homelessness courtesy of the well-established economy. Countries that are struggling in keeping up with economic instabilities are worst hit, some parts of Africa have reported up to millions of people living in muddy houses and makeshift houses if not tents. However, there are policies in development by individual countries to counter the menace. Enactment of workable policies and growing the economy seems to the lasting solution, the realization of these will be a contribution of all the relevant stakeholders. In order to prevent homelessness all individuals must take an active

Alan Greenspan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alan Greenspan - Essay Example Both had different ideologies as Greenspan advocated for the deregulation of the financial markets and born propagated for the government regulation. The main source of conflict arose as a result of the Over the counter OTC derivatives that were private contracts between major players on the Wall Street on particular bets. Born cited a high likelihood of fraud taking place. But based on Greenspan he believed that the market would identify the frauds and corrects itself. These sentiments were in line with his core principles of a free market. The assumptions of a free market commonly no government intervention, free flow of information of information, the actions of an individual have no effect on the market and finally, there are no barriers to entry and exit the market. This was the principles that Greenspan stood by up to his retirement but later confessed that the philosophy had major drawbacks. The hedge fund long-term capital management was characterized by large banks secretly investing large amounts of money on the over the counter derivatives at the Wall Street. The hedge fund was additionally invested by a majority of the in the know investors. These dealings were shrouded in secrecy and the government didn’t have any clue about them. They were as a result of the wall stock brokers setting complex mathematical formula that guaranteed the investors of a significant return on their investment. Finally, there was a meltdown as the Wall Street brokers were unable to handle the situation causing a collapse.

Mobile Phones Essay Example for Free

Mobile Phones Essay A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is the operating system that operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile devices. Modern mobile operating systems combine the features of a personal computer operating system with touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera,speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, Near field communication, personal digital assistant (PDA), and other features. History Main article: Smartphone Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones and smartphones: ââ€" ª 1979–1992 Mobile phones have embedded systems to control operation. ââ€" ª 1993 The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, had a touchscreen, email, and PDA features. ââ€" ª 1996 Palm Pilot 1000 personal digital assistant is introduced with the Palm OS mobile operating system. ââ€" ª 1996 First Windows CE Handheld PC devices are introduced. ââ€" ª 1999 Nokia S40 OS was officially introduced with the launch of the Nokia 7110 ââ€" ª 2000 Symbian became the first modern mobile OS on a smartphone with the launch of the Ericsson R380. ââ€" ª 2001 The Kyocera 6035 is the first smartphone with Palm OS. ââ€" ª 2002 Microsofts first Windows CE (Pocket PC) smartphones are introduced. ââ€" ª 2002 BlackBerry releases its first smartphone. ââ€" ª 2005 Nokia introduced Maemo OS on the first internet tablet N770. ââ€" ª 2007 Apple iPhone with iOS introduced as an iPhone, mobile phone and internet communicator.[1] ââ€" ª 2007 Open Handset Alliance (OHA) formed by Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Samsung, LG, etc.[2] ââ€" ª 2008 OHA releases Android 1.0 with the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1) as the first Android phone. ââ€" ª 2009 Palm introduced webOS with the Palm Pre. By 2012 webOS devices were no longer sold. ââ€" ª 2009 Samsung announces the Bada OS with the introduction of the Samsung S8500. ââ€" ª 2010 Windows Phone OS phones are released but are not compatible with the previous Windows Mobile OS. ââ€" ª 2011 The MeeGo the first mobile Linux, combined Maemo and Moblin, was introduced with Nokia N9 in effect of cooperation of Nokia, Intel and Linux Foundation ââ€" ª In September 2011 Samsung, Intel and the Linux Foundation announced that their efforts will shift from Bada, MeeGo to Tizen during 2011 and 2012. ââ€" ª In October 2011 the Mer project was announced, centered around an ultra-portable Linux + HTML5/QML/JS Core for building products with, derived from the MeeGo codebase. ââ€" ª 2012 The Lenovo K800 will be the first Intel powered smartphone (Android OS).[3] ââ€" ª Common software platforms ââ€" ª See also: Comparison of Android devices, List of BlackBerry products, List of iOS devices, Comparison of Symbian devices, and List of Windows Phone devices ââ€" ª The most common mobile operating systems are: ââ€" ª Android from Google Inc.[4] (free and open source)[5] ââ€" ª The Galaxy Nexus running Android 4.0.1 ââ€" ª Android was developed by a small startup company that was purchased by Google Inc. in 2005, and Google continues to update the software. Android is a Linux-derived OS backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Samsung, Motorola and eBay, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance.[6] Released on November 5th 2007, the OS received praise from a number of developers upon its introduction.[7] Android releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Most Android phones, and some Android tablets, now use a 2.x release. Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones. The current Android version is 4.1. Android releases are nicknamed after sweets or dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Frozen Yogurt (2.2), Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) and Jelly Bean (4.1). Most major mobile service providers carry an Android device. Since the HTC Dream was introduced, there has been an explosion in the number of devices that carry Android OS. From Q2 of 2009 to the second quarter of 2010, Androids worldwide market share rose 850% from 1.8% to 17.2%. On 15 November 2011, Android reached 52.5% of the global smartphone market share.[8] ââ€" ª The Apple iPad tablet computer uses a version of iOS. ââ€" ª bada from Samsung Electronics (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª This is a mobile operating system being developed by Samsung Electronics. Samsung claims that bada will rapidly replace its proprietary feature phone platform, converting feature phones to smartphones.The name bada is derived from ë °â€Ã«â€¹ ¤, the Korean word for ocean or sea. The first device to run bada is called Wave and was unveiled to the public at Mobile World Congress 2010. The Wave is a fully touchscreen running the new mobile operating system. With the phone, Samsung also released an app store, called Samsung Apps, to the public. It has close to 3000[9] mobile applications. ââ€" ª Samsung has said that they dont see Bada as a smartphone operating system, but as an OS with a kernel configurable architecture, which allows the use of either a proprietary real-time operating system, or the Linux kernel. Though Samsung plans to install bada on many phones, the company still has a large lineup of Android phones. ââ€" ª BlackBerry OS from RIM (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally designed for business. Recently it has seen a surge in third-party applications and has been improved to offer full multimedia support. Currently Blackberrys App World has over 50,000 downloadable applications. RIMs future strategy will focus on the newly acquired QNX, having already launched the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet running a version of QNX and expecting the first QNX smartphones in early 2012.[10] ââ€" ª iOS from Apple Inc.[4] (closed source, proprietary, on top of open source Darwin core OS) ââ€" ª The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and second-generation Apple TV all use an operating system called iOS, which is derived fromMac OS X. Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iOS 2.0 on July 11th 2008. Before this, jailbreaking allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available. Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by Foxconn or another of Apples partners. ââ€" ª S40 (Series40) from Nokia (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª Nokia uses S40 OS in their low end phones (aka feature phones). Over the years over 150 phone models have been developed running S40 OS.[11] Since the introduction of S40 OS it has evolved from monochrome low resolution UI to full touch 256k color UI. ââ€" ª Symbian OS from Nokia and Accenture[4] (open public license) ââ€" ª Symbian has the largest smartphone share in most markets worldwide, but lags behind other companies in the relatively small but highly visible North American market.[12] This matches the success of Nokia in all markets except Japan. In Japan Symbian is strong due to a relationship with NTT DoCoMo, with only one of the 44 Symbian handsets released in Japan coming from Nokia.[13] It has been used by many major handset manufacturers, including BenQ, Fujitsu, LG, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, andSony Ericsson. Current Symbian-based devices are being made by Fujitsu, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony Ericsson. Prior to 2009 Symbian supported multiple user interfaces, i.e. UIQ from UIQ Technologies, S60 from Nokia, and MOAP from NTT DOCOMO. As part of the formation of the Symbian OS in 2009 these three UIs were merged into a single OS which is now fully open source. Recently, though shipments of Symbian devices have increased, the operating systems worldwide market share has declined from over 50% to just over 40% from 2009 to 2010. Nokia handed the development of Symbian to Accenture, which will continue to support the OS until 2016.[14] ââ€" ª The Palm Pre running HP (formerly Palm)webOS. HP purchased Palm in 2010. ââ€" ª Windows Phone from Microsoft (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª On February 15th, 2010, Microsoft unveiled its next-generation mobile OS, Windows Phone. The new mobile OS includes a completely new over-hauled UI inspired by Microsofts Metro Design Language. It includes full integration of Microsoft services such as Windows Live, Zune, Xbox Live and Bing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook andGoogle accounts. The new software platform has received some positive reception from the technology press.

The Effects of the Internet on the Future Essay example -- Technology

The Effects of the Internet on the Future If every action has an opposite and equal reaction, then a huge branch-like system connecting information and people scattered into an abyss of nothing encompassed in a piece of desktop hardware and Glorified as "the Web", would actually be the opposite and equal reaction to the brain that sits and stares into it. Artificial Intelligence the demise of our own consumption, Why not? I definitely wouldn't call it a being of the lesser species either. Sure the Internet's soul purpose is to feed us but it feeds us whatever we want. Never again will we have to doubt our selves, instead of saying "I'll bet on it" you can say "hold on a sec." And pull out your pocket device to reference the Great Web. Freedom of information, or just the right amount to help control the masses, you decide. Dormant in the real time world, this artificial opposite yet equal being is very much alive within both the conscious and subconscious mind of the user. It changed the world and like all great tragedies a well delayed after shock has started taking place. October 30th 1938, Orsen Welles, who was 23 at the time, creates mass hysteria over the eastern coast during a radio broadcast on his Mercury Theater of the Air. Despite the disclaimer at the end of the broadcast over a million listeners panicked and fled into the streets. Some headlines include; -Many flee homes to escape gas raids from Mars. -Confusion caused by radio dramatization "War of the Worlds" was evidence radio needs "control by the Government". Senator Herring. The Senator then prepared a bill that would give the Federal Communications Commission permission to pass on every radi... ...er an entire generation of people living inside a world of electronic and neural connections. No more time wasted on the ever so slow method of physical interactions to achieve communications. A world where rumors are made in split second decisions. Like the Oklahoma City bombing being connected to the Waco tragedy and Ruby Ridge. Some of these conspiracy theories have even been acknowledged within the white house. This artificial life we've created might not be the robot many imagined back in the fifty's, but there is definitely signs of life within this infinite tree of brain matter and optical cables. Whether it be a nuclear attack or gas from Mars information will always cause a reaction to every action. I believe that the future has yet to take place and nothing is foretold, therefore anything is possible. The Effects of the Internet on the Future Essay example -- Technology The Effects of the Internet on the Future If every action has an opposite and equal reaction, then a huge branch-like system connecting information and people scattered into an abyss of nothing encompassed in a piece of desktop hardware and Glorified as "the Web", would actually be the opposite and equal reaction to the brain that sits and stares into it. Artificial Intelligence the demise of our own consumption, Why not? I definitely wouldn't call it a being of the lesser species either. Sure the Internet's soul purpose is to feed us but it feeds us whatever we want. Never again will we have to doubt our selves, instead of saying "I'll bet on it" you can say "hold on a sec." And pull out your pocket device to reference the Great Web. Freedom of information, or just the right amount to help control the masses, you decide. Dormant in the real time world, this artificial opposite yet equal being is very much alive within both the conscious and subconscious mind of the user. It changed the world and like all great tragedies a well delayed after shock has started taking place. October 30th 1938, Orsen Welles, who was 23 at the time, creates mass hysteria over the eastern coast during a radio broadcast on his Mercury Theater of the Air. Despite the disclaimer at the end of the broadcast over a million listeners panicked and fled into the streets. Some headlines include; -Many flee homes to escape gas raids from Mars. -Confusion caused by radio dramatization "War of the Worlds" was evidence radio needs "control by the Government". Senator Herring. The Senator then prepared a bill that would give the Federal Communications Commission permission to pass on every radi... ...er an entire generation of people living inside a world of electronic and neural connections. No more time wasted on the ever so slow method of physical interactions to achieve communications. A world where rumors are made in split second decisions. Like the Oklahoma City bombing being connected to the Waco tragedy and Ruby Ridge. Some of these conspiracy theories have even been acknowledged within the white house. This artificial life we've created might not be the robot many imagined back in the fifty's, but there is definitely signs of life within this infinite tree of brain matter and optical cables. Whether it be a nuclear attack or gas from Mars information will always cause a reaction to every action. I believe that the future has yet to take place and nothing is foretold, therefore anything is possible.

Assignment: The Welfare Reform Act Essay

The Welfare Reform Act is better known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, this was created by former President Clinton. Clinton vowed to stop welfare, he wanted it to be someone’s right not just a privilege to receive aid. Clinton wanted to help the needy people who actually needed help, but many people were angry with the changes that it made. Clinton did not think that people’s reactions would be so negative, but they were. Medicaid did not change the way that they it provides coverage to members, but it changed how many people it covered. Clinton did not want to continue seeing his country become dependent on the assistance, he wanted to increase the employment rate. There were too many children that were living in poverty and Clinton seen a cycle that he knew he had to break. The Welfare Reform Act did not cause too many of the beneficiaries to lose their necessary coverage, they were still able to receive the coverage if they qualified. The law stated that if you were poor enough you could still receive the health insurance. It is good because people can still work and get the health insurance if they do not make too much, because a lot of times jobs do not offer private insurance to their employees. The law did affect immigrants, the immigrants that were here illegally were no longer to receive health insurance and those that came to the United States legally had to wait five years before they could qualify for insurance if they were poor enough at the time. There were many providers that were affected in a negative way because many of them treated Medicaid patients at the time of the Welfare Reform Act. Providers like hospitals and clinics had to face the fact they would lose many patients and have more people who would try and receive free services. There were certain states that had more immigrants than others who had to choose between helping those patients and turning them away when they no longer could receive any health insurance, unless they got other help from the state (Ku, & Coughlin, 2010). The Act did cut the percent of people who received Medicaid, like the illegal immigrants and those that no longer qualified, but if you were needy it is more than likely that you still qualified for insurance. It varies from each state; there are some states that may be able to help more than others because they have more state funds. According to ( Ku, & Coughlin, 2010), â€Å"A larger category of people,  immigrants entering the United States after August 1996, will no longer be eligible for full Medicaid coverage, although they remain entitled to emergency care coverage†. Most people who qualify still could receive assistance if they were needy. The Welfare Reform Act has decreased the amount of fraud and has also increased the amount of people who are working. Many people were forced to go to job programs, to ensure that they had the necessary tools to get back on their own feet. If you wanted to receive TANF this was a requirement. Before this act was in place there were many people out there that were taking advantage of the system, people were getting to use to the money and other assistance that was easy to get. The new law was made to put a stop to the way that things were headed to. The new generation has a better chance at succeeding in life because there is more help out there. You can still get health insurance, cash aid, and food stamps; you just have to actually be in need. The law only requires that you do what you can to be able to do it all on your own and they will help along the way. There are many people that probably wish that things were the same as they were before this law was put in place, but things are still continuing to get better. According to research, â€Å"Some 2.9 million fewer children live in poverty today than in 1995† (Rector, & Fagan, 2003), that is a very large amount. The percent of children that were living in hunger went down and the amount of people who were having children out of wedlock has also gone down (Rector, & Fagan, 2003). The new act makes sure that the adults who are asking for the assistance go to a job program that helps you to get on your feet and be able to take care of your family without any assistance. All of these things have turned out to be more positive than negative, so it is good that our former President Clinton brought a change to America. References: Ku, L., Coughlin, T. A. (2010). How the New Welfare Reform Law Affects Medicaid. Urban Institute, p.1 Retrieved October 3, 2010 from http://www.urban.org/publications/307037.html Rector, R., & Fagan, P. Ph. D. (2003). The continuing good news about welfare reform. The Heritage Foundation, p.1. Retrieved October 3, 2010 from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2003/02/the-continuing-good-news

How does Miller present Catherine growing up in A View From the Bridge Essay

Over the course of the play, Miller presents Catherine’s growing sense of independence in the Carbone household. At the start of the play Catherine is portrayed as reliant on Eddie, adopting a domestic role, as well as naive and emotionally immature. After Marco and Rodolpho’s arrival, she quickly starts to become aware of her sexuality and starts to assert her independence and begins going against what Eddie says. By the end of Act 1 Catherine is able to talk back to Eddie and defies his orders and starts to see him as negative figure in her life. Miller uses Catherine to show how stereotypes of female behaviour are being challenged in Red Hook. When the audience is first introduced to, Miller presents her as the stereotypical housewife, as shown through the stage directions â€Å"enter[ing] from the kitchen†. The reference to the kitchen suggests that Catherine’s role is confined to that of a housewife; in addition her â€Å"look[ing]† for Eddie implies she eagerly waits for his return, much like a partner would. Her domestic role is further reinforced when Miller has her â€Å"get [Eddie] a beer† an action intended for a wife rather than a daughter. Catherine’s eagerness to please Eddie is further demonstrated when Miller has her â€Å"turn for him†. This shows not only her eagerness but also her naivety, as without questioning his orders she willingly puts her body on display for him. Her naivety is further explored when she â€Å"light[s]† Eddie’s cigar for him. Lighting a man’s cigar is seen as a romantic gesture, done between husband and wife, so the fact that Catherine fails to recognise the significance behind her actions goes to demonstrate her ignorance towards adult situations, further cementing in the audience’s mind that she acts like a child. Miller uses Catherine’s interactions with Beatrice to show how childlike she is despite her age. A notable example of this is when Beatrice says to her â€Å"go baby, set the table†. In this line the word â€Å"baby† could be seen as a term of affection that Beatrice has for Catherine – a likely assumption as she is Catherine’s mother figure. However it could be seen as having a hidden meaning; it could to show how Beatrice unknowingly views Catherine, as a baby. This is evidenced by the fact that Beatrice is commanding Catherine by telling her to â€Å"set the table†. After Marco and Rodolpho arrive Miller begins to show the first signs of Catherine’s increasing independence. Through her relationship with Eddie we start to see her break away from his control and start to gain some authority. This is shown when she tells Rodolpho to â€Å"go ahead [and] sing it†. This is a significant moment as it is the first instance in the play where Catherine takes a role of authority and commands someone else. Additionally slightly further on she tells Eddie to â€Å"leave him finish†. This goes directly against what Eddie was just telling Rodolpho and is the first instance in which Catherine challenges Eddie’s authority. This goes along with the first quote go to show just how much she has changed from when we first met her; she has gone from completely dependent on Eddie and has begun to start to challenge him. Catherine’s interactions with Beatrice begin to show how she has started to drift away from what’s expected of her as a stereotypical woman. Miller develops this idea through the fact that throughout the scene Catherine has been ignoring the duty given to her by Eddie, to get the guests coffee, and has forced Beatrice to take the job and â€Å"get the coffee† herself. This moment signifies the point where Catherine starts to no longer act as a wife towards Eddie, and allows Beatrice to take that role once again. Miller uses Catherine’s and Rodolpho’s relationship to show how she is maturing sexually. From the start Miller makes it very clear from the start that Catherine is interested in Rodolpho when he describes her as â€Å"wondrously† asking him a bout his complexion. Catherine’s intentions are given away here, as wonder is a strong feeling to have for someone she has just met. This is further emphasized when she exclaims once again about his appearance, saying â€Å"He’s a real blonde!† showing that she is so captivated with his appearance that she cannot believe what she is seeing. Another point that reinforced this idea is when she describes his singing by saying â€Å"he’s terrific, it’s terrific†. This switch from â€Å"he† to â€Å"it† could imply that Catherine might be so infatuated with Rodolpho she can not help complimenting him and must correct herself in order to hide the fact that she does feel love attraction towards him. Finally she later goes onto ask Rodolpho if he â€Å"like[s] sugar† this is a sexual comment veiled as a question and goes to show Catherine’s growing sense of sexual maturity. By the end of Act 1 Miller has shown Catherine to become more independent, this is first demonstrated through how her relationship with Eddie has changed. Firstly, Miller portrays Catherine to be far more forward with Eddie as shown when Catherine is described as talking to Eddie with â€Å"an edge of anger†. Her now being â€Å"anger[ed]† is a big change from how the audience originally viewed Catherine’s thoughts on Eddie- a childlike figure who relied heavily him. Furthermore, the change in her behaviour is emphasized by the fact that she can now assert some form of dominance over Eddie, as shown by the fact the he â€Å"retreat[s] before the threat of her anger†. Secondly Eddie himself starts to see that Catherine is maturing and growing up as shown when he says, â€Å" you’re a big girl†. However the use of the words â€Å"big girl† suggest while he may acknowledge that she is growing up he still does not view her as an adult as many others are starting to do. Beatrice is one of those who recognises that Catherine is maturing, and helps her in doing so. She tells Catherine throughout their conversation that she’s â€Å"not a baby anymore†. â€Å"Baby† was the term of affection originally used by Beatrice to refer to Catherine, so her telling Catherine that she is no longer a â€Å"baby†, implies that Beatrice no longer sees her as a child and that she is trying to convince Catherine that she is growing up to be a woman. Finally, Miller uses her relationship with Rodolpho to show how she has now gained independence and is able to defy Eddie. The most notable example of this is when she asks Rodolpho if he â€Å"wanna dance†. This comes right after when Eddie starts questioning Rodolpho on the way he behaves while he is out. Catherine asking Rodolpho to dance serves to act as a gesture of rebellion whose purpose is to show to Eddie that Catherine is now able to think for herself and goes to demonstrate that she no longer needs his approval on what she can and cannot do. Miller uses Catherine to explore the developing theme of womanhood and the struggle for female independence and by doing so he also uses her to challenge the traditional stereotypes that females in Red Hook, and by extensions the world, face.

Battle of Monmouth in the American Revolution

Battle of Monmouth in the American Revolution The Battle of Monmouth was fought on June 28, 1778, during the American Revolution (1775 to 1783). Major General Charles Lee  commanded 12,000 men of the Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. For the British,  General Sir Henry Clinton  commanded 11,000 men under the leadership of  Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis. The weather was extremely hot during the battle,  and almost as many soldiers died from heatstroke as from battle. Background With the French entry into the American Revolution in February 1778, British strategy in America began to shift as the war became increasingly global in nature. As a result, the newly appointed commander of the British Army in America, General Sir Henry Clinton, received orders to dispatch part of his forces to the West Indies and Florida. Though the British had captured the rebel capital of Philadelphia in 1777, Clinton, soon to be short on men, decided to abandon the city the following spring to focus on protecting his base at New York City. Assessing the situation, he originally wanted to withdraw his army by sea, but a shortage of transports compelled him to plan a march north. On June 18, 1778, Clinton began evacuating the city, with his troops crossing Delaware at Coopers Ferry. Moving northeast, Clinton initially intended to march overland to New York, but later opted to move toward  Sandy Hook and take boats to the city. Washingtons Plan While the British commenced planning their departure from Philadelphia, General George Washingtons army was still at its winter quarters encampment at Valley Forge, where it had been tirelessly drilled and trained by Baron von Steuben.  Learning of Clintons intentions, Washington sought to engage the British before they could reach the safety of New York. While many of Washingtons officers favored this aggressive approach, Major General Charles Lee strenuously objected. A recently released prisoner of war and an adversary of Washingtons, Lee argued that the French alliance meant victory in the long run and that it was foolish to commit the army to battle unless they had overwhelming superiority over the enemy. Weighing the arguments, Washington elected to pursue Clinton. In New Jersey, Clintons march was moving slowly due to an extensive baggage train. Arriving at Hopewell, NJ, on June 23, Washington held a council of war. Lee once again argued against a major attack, and this time managed to sway his commander. Encouraged in part by suggestions made by Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, Washington decided instead to send a force of 4,000 men to harass Clintons rearguard. Due to his seniority in the army, Lee was offered command of this force by Washington. Lacking confidence in the plan, Lee declined this offer and it was given to the Marquis de Lafayette. Later in the day, Washington enlarged the force to 5,000. Upon hearing this, Lee changed his mind and demanded that he be given command, which he received with strict orders that he was to hold a meeting of his officers to determine the plan of attack. Lees Attack and Retreat On June 28, Washington received word from the New Jersey militia that the British were on the move. Directing Lee forward, he instructed him to strike the flank of the British as they marched up Middletown Road. This would halt the enemy and allow Washington to bring up the main body of the army. Lee obeyed Washingtons earlier order and held a conference with his commanders. Rather than devising a plan, he told them to be alert for orders during the battle. Around 8 p.m. on June 28, Lees column encountered the British rear guard under Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis just north of Monmouth Court House. Rather than launch a coordinated attack, Lee committed his troops piecemeal and quickly lost control of the situation. After a few hours of fighting, the British moved to flank Lees line. Seeing this movement, Lee ordered a general retreat up the Freehold Meeting House-Monmouth Court House Road after offering little resistance. Washington to the Rescue While Lees force was engaging Cornwallis, Washington was bringing up the main army. Riding forward, he encountered the fleeing soldiers from Lees command. Appalled by the situation, he located Lee and demanded to know what had happened. After receiving no satisfactory answer, Washington rebuked Lee in one of the few instances in which he swore publicly. Dismissing his subordinate, Washington set to rallying Lees men. Ordering Wayne to establish a line north of the road to slow the British advance, he worked to establish a defensive line along a hedgerow. These efforts held off the British long enough to allow the army to take up positions to the west, behind the West Ravine. Moving into place, the line saw Major General William Alexanders men on the left and Major General Nathanael Greenes troops to the right. The line was supported to the south by artillery on Combs Hill. Falling back to the main army, the remnants of Lees forces, now led by Lafayette, re-formed to the rear of the new American line with the British in pursuit. The training and discipline instilled by von Steuben at Valley Forge paid dividends, and the Continental troops were able to fight the British regulars to a standstill. Late in the afternoon, with both sides bloodied and exhausted  from the summer heat, the British broke off the battle and withdrew toward New York. Washington wished to continue the pursuit, but his men were too exhausted and Clinton had reached the safety of Sandy Hook. The Legend of Molly Pitcher While many of the details regarding the involvement of a Molly Pitcher in the fighting at Monmouth have been embellished or are in dispute, it seems there was indeed a woman who brought water to American artillerymen during the battle. This would have been no small feat, as it was desperately needed not only to alleviate the mens suffering in the intense heat but also to swab the guns during the reloading process. In one version of the story, Molly Pitcher even took over from her husband on a gun crew when he fell, either wounded or from heatstroke. It is believed that Mollys real name was  Mary Hayes McCauly, but, again, the exact details and extent of her assistance during the battle is unknown. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Monmouth, as reported by each commander, were 69 killed in battle, 37 dead from heatstroke, 160 wounded, and 95 missing for the Continental Army. British casualties included 65 killed in battle, 59 dead from heatstroke, 170 wounded, 50 captured, and 14 missing. In both cases, these numbers are conservative and losses were more likely 500 to 600 for Washington and over 1,100 for Clinton. The battle was the last major engagement fought in the northern theater of the war. Thereafter, the British holed up in New York and shifted their attention to the southern colonies. Following the battle, Lee requested a court-martial to prove that he was innocent of any wrongdoing. Washington obliged and filed formal charges. Six weeks later, Lee was found guilty and suspended from the service.