Reading Log 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading Log 1 - Essay Example The child was raised in the family of her mother. The baby was taken home from the hospital to be cared for by her grandfather and aunts. No significant signs of abuse of the baby. However, the adult woman can vividly recall, in great detail the suffering and abuse that she suffered at the hands of the eldest sister of her mother who was assigned by the family to become the child's care taker. Sylvia recalls significant events of abuse that left her with a significant trauma both physically and emotionally. She has trust issues and finds it difficult to make friends as her aunt had raised her in a highly private and secretive atmosphere. No playmates or play dates were allowed. The child in essence was turned into a little adult who was oftentimes beaten up for acting like the child that she was either in public or private. Part of the abuse included locking her in the closet when she failed to clean up her room, dragging her out of the family home with her clothes being thrown out a s well once she failed to produce a passing mark in her school subjects, and threatening to kill the child when the child tried to fight off the physical abuse or tell other people about what was happening to her. Sylvia has carried this secret with her for the past 39 years and she has tried to overcome the nightmares of the trauma and abuse that she suffered by trying to lead a normal life. ... Sylvia due to the fact that she was but a helpless child when she was thrust into the abusive situation had no idea that she was in a destructive relationship with her caretaker. She thought of the physical abuse as part of the learning process of life. That she had to be hurt in order to learn how to do things properly. She equated the beatings with what she was told was her learning disability. That she was not capable of doing anything right the first time because she was a woman and therefore took longer to learn how to do things. This was a point of view that she carried with her for most of her life, up until the death of her abuser almost 10 years ago. Just like any abuser, her aunt relied on the fact that no adult would believe the stories that a 6 year old child would tell them about the beating that she was undergoing on a daily basis. She took pride in the fact that she could verbally threaten the child into keeping her secret in the guise of giving the child a life threat ening beating should the child attempt to tell anyone of the abuse. She preyed on the isolation of the child by threatening to throw her out of the house when the child felt like standing up for herself during certain physical abuse situations. It was only later on that Sylvia found out that her aunt was also the product of a physically abusive household. The aunt, who shall be hidden behind the name of Genie was raised as a helper in the household of her grandmother during World War 2. Her grandmother was also physically abusive and treated her grand daughter no better than she treated the maids. Genie was caught in a cycle of abuse and became an adult abuser because, from what I gleaned from the history of the family, she never managed to exact a type of

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 23

Project Management - Essay Example This paper discusses about the process of project integration management. It includes details of its structure, its traditional uses and misuses along with certain drawbacks. Areas like developing project plans, execution of project plans and change management are also included in the study. The Shard tower of London has been used as an example of a successful project management (PMI, 2013). The primary goal of the project integration management is to establish coordination between all the elements of the project. It involves taking strategic decisions to make tradeoffs between different objectives and options, so as to meet the stakeholder’s interest in a resource efficient way. The PMBOK guide breaks down the integration management further into six steps, which are explained below (PMI, 2013). Project Charter Development: The details of the project are included in the project charter. It is an official document which gives authority to the management to proceed on the project and employ necessary recourses of the company in the project activities. Monitoring and Controlling: This process keeps track of the progress and performance, and reporting accordingly. This step acts as a control mechanism; if the progress deviates from the plan then immediately the process is stopped and necessary amendments are made in order to make sure that the progress goes in the desired direction. Integrated Change Control: All the necessary changes required in the process are managed in this step. It includes review of all the change requests, approval of the required changes and managing the changes in the project assets, planning and internal communication. Although the PMBOK guidelines state the above process, but Meredith and Mantel (2012) argued that there is no thumb rule for project management. Every project is different and thus each

Ray Ozzies Role at Microsoft

Ray Ozzies Role at Microsoft Introduction Ray Ozzie was the known to play a major role at the lotus notes before he became the Chief Software Architect of the Microsoft team (Microsoft, 2010). In 2005, he aimed to webify† Microsoft in order to level up with the wide use of internet and search engines such as Yahoo! and Google. He had to create a management strategy in order to find out the best way to share the information through his colleagues and be able to sum up the ideas on how to maintain the revenues of the company. The case study, Ray Ozzie, Software Strategist†, relates with the everyday processes, practices and activities that are involved in creating a strategy. Why was the Semiahmoo retreat not successful in creating sustained momentum around the issue of Microsofts core? The March retreat of the companys top 110 or so executives including Bill Gates was not successful because they failed to discuss the key factors about the Microsofts core. It is said that the company relied on selling proprietary software straight to users or to the manufacturers of computer for pre-installation on machines. However, the strategy was being challenged by free open-source software like linux and web- based companies whose software was free off the internet and supported by advertising such as Google or Yahoo!. This seemed to leave the company behind the emerging software that offers free access over the internet and is able to use by the customers directly. The companys processes of reaching the market have had difficulties most especially the shipping of products. Retreat at Semiahmoo was not able to initiate a clear discussion of the things that Microsoft has to do in order to get back to the emerging companies in the Information Technology industry today. They have got breakout sessions in order to brainstorm various strategic issues and it was observed that the people within the company relate to Bill. It appeared to be more of a team building for the executives and the group refused to organise the issues covering the strategy or the issue of the Microsofts core. They argued it was untimely and likely to cause unnecessary apprehension to engage more people as it involves the past strategies. Thus, the momentum from the retreat on Semiahmoo did not have enough space to tackle the said issue. The importance of focus on the processes and practices with regard to the activities of the company is given much attention rather than the issue of sustaining the strategy for selling products in a unique manner (Christensen, 1997). The practice of strategy involves the important components of how the organisation manages its people and links the outcomes from strategising events, activities, meetings and other. In addition to, the focus of the group went to the attraction of the place, perhaps, and the experience to bond with each other. The strategic challenge that Microsoft was facing was not clearly defined as well. The team relied on the past strategy and thought it was irrelevant to review. The retreat ended without accomplishing what was really tasked to do because the team overlooked the criticisms about the past strategies without realising that it is important to be able to figure out what specific changes to focus on or where exactly they should concentrate. Why was Ozzie more successful in creating follow-on action after the Robinswood retreat? After the Semiahmoo retreat, the company had a second retreat because the first attempt to create a strategy for the Microsofts core evaporated. Ozzie took charge of the second retreat and it was successful. Although Ozzie have not tried working intimately with the team, he took his chance on delivering and defining the strategic challenge that the company was facing. The retreat was held as Robinswood house where in it appeared to be substandard unlike the Semiahmoo retreat. Ozzie provided a 51- page memo beforehand that describes his diagnosis of the strategic challenge facing Microsoft. He detailed out the challenges for the company through his friendly mood and did not confront anyone with the past mistakes of the company. He opened up a discussion through an invigorating exercise about the unfavourable things happening in the present technical and organisational strategy of the company (Fried, 2009). Thus, it gave the team a chance to speak up and raise the issues with regard to the mistakes of the company on its operations most especially the issues that they have to solve most especially the fluctuating revenues of Microsoft. The meeting resulted on a more intense discussion with the team about the future strategies that could benefit the organisation. A progress was made although a good deal of controversy was still present. Furthermore, Ozzie put a highlight on the changing environment and the importance of service to the clients. The communications technologies have drastically developed into a more convenient form. In the modern world, the people pay much attention to the interaction with the company and its products and services and how they are able to use in a simple way. The businesses are directly reaching the customers with lower costs and provide a great service. Technology companies are now practicing ways to sell the products without the hassle of shipping and most importantly with lower costs such as downloading the application directly from the website supported by advertisements and the like. As Ozzie have seen, Microsoft is not developing a strategy on how to compete within the industry most especially the strategy of advertising- supported services and software over the internet. The strategy depicts innovation and fives the foundation for the web developers to improve and develop the services to the customers. Microsoft has to embrace this kind of business strategy in order to come up with a more practical way to reach and interact with the market and benefit the company with remarkable revenue. The company have to reflect on its past mistakes and relate to the present environment to be able to emerge with what is going in the market. The leadership responsibilities, strengths and weaknesses of the company should be discussed in a genial manner so an immediate response from the team could result to a better strategy to solve the challenges. The business might be at risk if the team fails to handle the dilemma accordingly and did not maintain an open communication (Levy, 2008). Comment on Ozzies communications strategy with regard to the Internet Services Disruption. The communication strategy of Ozzie is indeed a good way to reach the executive staff and he explained clearly what his goals are for the company. According to the memo, he has a lot of positive reasons to innovate more with regard to the strategic challenge that the company is facing. He delivered the memo very well such as stating that the leaders understand the efficiency of eradicating the hindrances on developing products. Reorganisation is considered to be an important step for improving the alertness of the company (Ozzie, 2005). He maintained a positive outlook on the past strategy of the company although it prevailed to put the business at risk. He still considered past strategies to start the development of the company on what he aims on his recent strategies. It is a very good way to motivate the organisation to move on to the next stage and be able to encourage them to participate and work accordingly. His idea of differentiating the strategy from the past developments of the company made it significant to understand the whole point. He immediately perceived the feedbacks of the readers so he addressed, in advanced, the possible doubts of the readers of his memo. Ozzie continues to innovate as he mentioned a continuous change every five years for the company to cope with the changing environment of the market considering that technology is growing rapidly. His focus on the recent strategic issues gives the memo a clearer objective to increase the motivation for the team to work well on creating new products and continuously creating a solution to the challenges. Ozzie is catered to the transformation of the company into a more user-friendly and interactive to reach the customers, partners and other for bigger opportunities (Ozzie, 2005). Thus, Ozzies communication strategy promotes a vision and a set of well- defined goals and objective that makes a dependable leader to integrate the varied activities and ideas of the whole team. Conclusion Ray Ozzie worked well on the creation of new strategies for the Microsoft such as going live and being more interactive with its users. Advertising-supported software and other internet-based applications are emerging in the market and are doing well with its revenues. The techniques of internet advertising have drastically affected by the innovations on technology. The use of broadband is considered to be a blanket for the market starting from the purchase of the computer up to the installation of its software and applications. Hence, it calls for an extensive innovation for Microsoft to comprehend with the use of the World Wide Web. Works Cited Ray Ozzie, Software Strategist: Case Study† (Please put the details of the book where you get the case study) Christensen, C. The Innovators Dilemma, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1997 Fried, I. Ray Ozzies view from the clouds†, cnet news. (November 18, 2009) from http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10400244-56.html?tag=newsLeadStoriesArea.1 retrieved 02/19/10. Levy, S. Ray Ozzie Wants to Push Microsoft Back Into Startup Mode†, Wired Magazine: 16.12. (November 24, 2008) from http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/16-12/ff_ozzie retrieved 02/19/10. Microsoft. Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates†, Microsoft New Center (2010) from http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/jun06/06-15CorpNewsPR.mspx retrieved 02/20/10. Ozzie, R. Internet Services Disruption†, (October 28, 2005), from http://www.scripting.com/disruption/ozzie/TheInternetServicesDisruptio.htm retrieved 02/19/10.

Anne Sexton Essay -- Literary Analysis

Most of us accept the stories we were told as children were false, or at least romanticized. At some point, the illusion was shattered, and Santa, the Easter Bunny and Cinderella were characters we fondly remembered. But although we recognized these figures and legends as illusions, we held on to many of the sentiments the stories, without questioning their application to adult life. Anne Sexton often uses these innocent, childlike images juxtaposed with cynical but more realistic situations in order show that the lessons society teaches children, ones that children retain as adults, are illusions that do not properly illustrate the corrupt, violent world we actually live in. Sexton’s poem Cinderella, about rags to riches stories, clearly follows this pattern. First, the speaker tells four stories: one of a plumber who wins the lottery, one of a nursemaid who marries her boss’s son, a milkman who makes a fortune in real estate, and a charwoman who becomes rich after a bus she was on crashes, and she collects on insurance. The progression of these stories themselves lay cynicism into the form of the poem. The speaker starts with a story about a lottery winner, which is something lucky and could be taken as the universe helping a man struggling to take care of â€Å"the twelve children.† Next comes the nursemaid, who does have a romantic journey too, though not quite as incidental as this lucky plumber, because she â€Å"captures the oldest son’s heart.† The choice of the word â€Å"capture† could be viewed as merely an idiomatic happenstance, or more possibly an implication that the speaker feels the nursemaid had some ulterior motive to love in her interactions with the son. After the nursemaid is the milkman. The milkman still has a romantic ... ...ton’s issue is not with people on an individual level, but instead with the society that puts them in the situations that it does. This is significant because it shows Sexton’s goal is to illuminate society’s flaws and lies rather than those of people. Often, the reader cannot help but feel a bit disheartened after reading a collection of Anne Sexton’s poems. Sexton herself was disheartened with the prospect of life, killing herself at the age of 45 after years in and out of mental facilities. Her poems certainly take cynicism to an extreme, but they remain the type of extreme valuable to the literary canon. Her poetry leaves the reader questioning the world around him, now able to see stories and past experiences in a new light. And although in the case of Sexton this light may be a shadow, the new depth it adds highlights to us that which we hold truly pure.

ADHD Nutrition

ADHD is a disease which weakens the release and homeostasis of neurological chemicals. In full the initials stand for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Research shows that ADHD is a hereditary disorder that is it can be passed on through genes.Its occurrence comes with many other disorders such as being defiant, learning disorders and other behavioral disorders ( Paul, 2000 p.4 )There are no specific laboratory tests to establish this condition. The diagnosis can be made upon the parents careful evaluation of their past to see whether they could have had symptoms similar to those that are clear indicators of the disease.Useful tests to diagnose the condition can be through achievement tests that can be used to measure the learner’s learning disorders.Drugs used to treat the disorder are noted to be very addictive. However, psychological treatment can be very helpful. It is also important to note that the drugs used are only used to control the situation and not to treat it.Symptoms of this condition include being restless, lack of concentration, and if there is some, they last for a short time, the child is easily distracted, engagement in excess activities and being impulsive. It can also lead to many allergies to additives and food dyes.More boys are affected by this condition by girls, a phenomenon that has been explained as being as a result of the aggressive nature of boys as opposed to the girls. Many people believe that there is a relationship between food additives and hyperactivity which is seen in this condition called ADHD.The question as to whether there is a relation between nutrition is a claim that has no scientific proof. Many scientists have ended their researches inconclusively.Though claims that there are causes of ADHD that are related to diet–specifically a diet that contains food additives or is high in sugar–and allergies, these claims were seriously investigated by a number of scientists and according to Paul, ( 2000 ) â€Å"many parents whose children are affected by this condition participated† ( p.42 ) Their concern was whether sugar could cause the symptoms of ADHD.Scientific studies show that sugar and carbohydrates cannot cause the symptoms of ADHD, but rather children with this condition can react with sugars in differently from the rest. However, there are no marked effects identified. In fact in one study ADHD children’s reaction to carbohydrates was better than that for proteins surprisingly. This fact also applies with the vitamins and ADHD.Regulated intake can help the situation rather than the exaggerated belief that it causes ADHD related symptoms. Neither too much sugar nor deficiency in vitamins can cause ADHD. The condition cannot be improved by excessive intake of vitamins as the results might be negative since some vitamins when taken in excess can be harmful.  The other causes identified include lead poisoning which has been known for a long time as a major cause of psychological problems. Its interesting that even those children who have not consumed lead can develop the condition may be as a result of breathing in or rather inhaling fumes from the vehicles, nearby industries especially for those in urban centers.Even though many researchers try to dissociate ADHD with nutrition, there is further evidence that reduction of certain additives in foods can be a good way of reversing the c ondition.It has also been observed that the blood of children suffering from this condition has a low DHA fat level. In addition, beneficial nutrients from greens, certain fish, and an adequate level of the DHA fats is a superb way of reversing such conditions in children who suffer from this condition. Recommended dose for the DHA fat is 100mg to 600 mg, according to the age and condition of the child.

Lessons for Undercover Bosses Essay

Managers are the effective players in the field of organizational behavior. They are tasked with learning how individuals, groups, and structure define their organization’s culture and how to create a culture that improves the company’s effectiveness and success (Robbins and Judge, 10). Effective managers must be excellent communicators and great human resource managers, which means they must know their employee’s needs (Robbins and Judge, 8-9). In order to understand the organization’s culture, the manager (or executive) must get to know the structure, groups, and individuals within their organization. When a manager â€Å"walks around† and meets those within the organization they’re managing, they can better understand their needs and are learning about problems and concerns within their organization firsthand (Rama, Sashith & Subrahmanyam). In management by walking around (MBWA), interpersonal contact is made, open appreciation is developed, and managers lead by displaying civility and rewarding performance (Rama, Sashith & Subrahmanyam). Helping employees balance work-life conflicts is a major complication in today’s working world (Robbins and Judge, 21), but the manager cannot understand the barriers to the balance of work and life if they do not communicate with the employees and their day-to-day jobs. Creating a positive work environment is another crucial element in the culture of the comp any (Robbins and Judge, 22); this element cannot be understood without understanding the people and their desires. Many times, a manager can learn the â€Å"emotional temperature† of a room and find employees  who are angry, upset, or simply stressed, which are all problems to be addressed and resolved (Managing). MBWA gives managers a way to relieve day-to-day conflicts before they become organizational problems. Question #2 While many workers prefer not to be micromanaged by their managers, research studies have indicated that regular attention from supervisors interacting with employees can actually improve work productivity. One of the most famous studies of this phenomenon unveiled the Hawthorne Effect. Back in the 1920’s Harvard researchers conducted a research study in the Hawthorne Works plant to determine if different amounts of lighting improved worker productivity. They found a correlation between increased lighting and worker productivity. However, when they turned down the lighting, worker productivity also strangely increased. According to an Industrial Management article by Chris Porter (2012) entitled â€Å"The Hawthorne Effect Today,† they uncovered that worker productivity had nothing to do with lighting, but instead the fact that workers were monitored and supervised on a regular basis contributed to their increase in productivity (p. 11). As the Hawthorne Effect indicates, workers appreciate the fact that their supervisors regularly spend time with their teams and the payoff has been demonstrated to result in increased productivity for the firm. According to Porter (2012), â€Å"management can apply psychological motivation techniques to modern processes to improve productivity, reduce defects and establish a culture for continuous improvement (p. 11). By establishing a culture with active supervision, everything becomes more team oriented and more can be accomplished (p.15).† Workers knowing that their leaders spend time interacting with the team creates stronger teams. Therefore, knowing that top executives routinely interact with line employees has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on worker attitudes toward the organization. Question #3 Certainly one way for executives and organizational leaders to learn about daily business operations is the practice of management by walking around and to a more extreme level would be going â€Å"undercover†. The one characteristic from both of these approaches that stands out is the interpersonal relationships that are developed between front line workers  and the executive team. Fostering positive social relationships in the work environment leads to more open channels of communication. By creating a more non threating work environment, the need for someone to go â€Å"undercover† would be eliminated and would promote the importance of bottom up communication within the organization. Another example for executives to use would be to schedule staff meetings with the front line workers and allowing them to have a forum to voice the challenges and opportunities that they see on a day-to day basis. This method of management promotes employee engagement within the comp any. A more indirect approach for executives to use would be to conduct employee surveys and/or use questionnaires. This approach allows the employees to remain anonymous and give more honest feedback on issues and concerns that they experience on a daily basis. Question #4 Obviously, compared to desk-bound approach to management, â€Å"management by walking around† (MBWA) helps managers to understand what bottom managers and staffs do every day (Robbins and Judge, 8). This is the kind of strong relationship between managers and staff which helps contribute to the effectiveness of the whole organization, as well as understanding individuals, groups, the working environment and the organization’s culture. By knowing the skills needed for a job, the time to work available, and the problems happening in the front line, managers easily make some human resource decisions. However, there are also some questions concerning MBWA. It is dangerous if managers use too much time discovering whether or not people are doing things correctly. Otherwise, taking a longer time to communicate or walking through staffs’ offices will cause an impression that the manager is loafing, and people may feel they are being watched. MBWA is about building relat ionships, not micro-managing people. Just monitoring is not helpful for effectiveness of work. If a manager spots something of concern, then he or she should address this with the team manager separately. It is vital that employees do not feel that they need to always be on their best behavior, or the activity will be a waste of time (Lop). If a manager wanders round very occasionally, it will engender the view that the manager is bored or has simply been instructed in the action. To solve the problem that MBWA  leads employees to feel they are being spied on, managers should take some actions to minimize these concerns. First, do not spend too much time on one person, which makes him feel different from others. Try to spend roughly the same amount of time — not necessarily all in the same day or even the same week, but over the long run — with each person who reports to you (Lop). Second, ask for suggestions and recognize good ideas. Ask each employee for his or her thoughts about how to improve products, processes, sales, or service. Last, do not criticize; instead, make a note of it and address the problem at another time and in another setting (Lop). Works Cited ‘Management by walking around’: 3 tips. (2014). Managing People at Work, 1(8), 1. Lop, P. (2011). The Pros and Cons of Management by Wandering around. http://www.insidebusiness360.com/index.php/the-pros-and-cons-of-management-by-wandering-around-6174/#sourcesAndCitations Porter, C. (2012). The Hawthorne effect today. Industrial Management, 54(3), 10-15. Rama Mohan, D.D., Sathish Kumar, S. S., & Subrahmanyam, G.G. (2013). Management by Walking Around: An Effective Tool for Day-to-Day Operations of Hospital. UIP Journal of Operations Management, 12(1), 58-61. Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational Behavior, 15th Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson.

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems The ballad is at the intersection of poetry and song, from traditional folk ballads crystallizing out of the mists of ancient oral traditions to modern literary ballads in which poets use the old narrative forms to retell traditional legends or to tell stories of their own.   The Evolution of Balladry A ballad is simply a narrative poem or song, and there are many variations on balladry. Traditional folk ballads began with the anonymous wandering minstrels of the Middle Ages, who handed down stories and legends in these poem-songs, using a structure of stanzas and repeated refrains to remember, retell, and embellish local tales. Many of these folk ballads were collected in the 17th and 18th centuries by scholars like Harvard professor Francis James Child and poets like  Robert Burns  and Sir Walter Scott. Two of the ballads in this collection are examples of this type of traditional ballad, anonymous retellings of local legends: the spooky fairy tale â€Å"Tam Lin† and â€Å"Lord Randall,† which reveals the story of a murder in the question-and-answer dialogue between a mother and son. Folk ballads also told love stories both tragic and happy, tales of religion and the supernatural, and recountings of historical events. After the 16th-century invention of inexpensive printing, ballads moved from the oral tradition onto newsprint.  Broadside ballads  were â€Å"poetry as news,† commenting on the events of the day- although many of the older traditional folk ballads were also distributed as broadsides in print. Literary Ballads by Known Poets In the 18th and 19th centuries, Romantic and Victorian poets took hold of this folk-song form and wrote literary ballads, telling their own stories, as Robert Burns did in â€Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† and Christina Rossetti did in â€Å"Maude Clare†- or reimagining old legends, as Alfred, Lord Tennyson did with part of the Arthurian story in â€Å"The Lady of Shalott.† Ballads carry tales of tragic romance (Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee†), of the honor of warriors (Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Ballad of East and West†), of the despair of poverty (William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"The Ballad of Moll  Magee†), of the secrets of brewing (Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend†), and of conversations across the divide between life and death (Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Her Immortality†). The ballads combination of narrative propulsion implied melody (ballads are often and very naturally set to music), and archetypal stories are irresistible.    The Varied Structures of Ballads Most ballads are structured in short stanzas, often the quatrain form that has come to be known as â€Å"ballad measure†- alternating lines of  iambic  tetrameter (four stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and iambic trimeter (three stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM), rhyming the second and fourth lines of each stanza. Other ballads combine the four lines into two, forming rhymed couplets of seven-stress lines that are sometimes called â€Å"fourteeners.† But the word â€Å"ballad† refers to a general type of poem, not necessarily a fixed poetic form, and many ballad poems take liberties with the ballad stanza or abandon it altogether. Examples of Ballads In chronological order, some classic ballads are as follows; Anonymous, â€Å"Tam Lin† (traditional folk ballad, written down by James Child in 1729)Anonymous, â€Å"Lord Randall† (traditional ballad published by Sir Walter Scott in 1803)Robert Burns, â€Å"John Barleycorn: A Ballad† (1782)Robert Burns,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† (1795)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† (1798)William Wordsworth, â€Å"Lucy Gray, or Solitude† (1799)John Keats,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci† (1820)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Ballad of the Dark Ladie† (1834)Alfred, Lord Tennyson, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† (1842)Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"Annabel Lee† (1849)Christina Rossetti, â€Å"Maude Clare† (1862)Algernon Charles Swinburne, â€Å"A Ballad of Burdens† (1866)Christina Rossetti,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Ballad of Boding† (1881)Rudyard Kipling, â€Å"The Ballad of East and West† (1889)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Ballad of M oll Magee† (1889)Robert Louis Stevenson, â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend† (1890)Oscar Wilde, â€Å"The Ballad of Reading Gaol† (1898)Thomas Hardy, â€Å"Her Immortality† (1898)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Host of the Air† (1899) Ezra Pound, â€Å"Ballad of the Goodly Fere† (1909)

Free Essays on Economic Sanctions

The first ethics question talks about the economic sanctions that the United States places on Iran. The sanctions disallow international trade and investment between U.S. and Iranian business people. Business leaders in the United States would like the sanctions removed so that they can be included in lucrative Iranian oil and gas deals which firms from other countries are engaging in. Other opponents to the Sanctions wonder if a policy of offering â€Å"all stick and no carrot† is undermining social and political change in Iran since the offending regime goes largely unpunished. I don’t feel that sanctions can be effective at changing the behavior of governments. Take Cuba for example, we’ve had an embargo placed on the country for years in order to persuade them to change their government. Castro is still in charge and leads the country just the same. While the embargo does limit the economic success that the country has had, it has not forced the country to topple. What it does is force the country such as Iran to do is to develop strategies for diversifying trade routes, to find new economic partners, and reducing dependence on oil export revenues to the United States. From a business standpoint all we are doing is limiting the amount of revenue that we can obtain and limiting the potential for another market in which we could thrive. One country acting alone can’t bring about reforms through the use of economic sanctions or embargoes. While The U.S. is a leading power, there are plenty of other countries that would leap at the economic opportunities that we are leaving behind, and do. While we had an embargo on Cuba other countries such as Russia were still working with Cuba. After the Persian Gulf War the U.S. began to persuade Europe and Japan to limit their involvement in Iran. There was no way for the U.S. to enforce any of these policies. To be fully effective with sanctions or embargoes there would ne... Free Essays on Economic Sanctions Free Essays on Economic Sanctions The first ethics question talks about the economic sanctions that the United States places on Iran. The sanctions disallow international trade and investment between U.S. and Iranian business people. Business leaders in the United States would like the sanctions removed so that they can be included in lucrative Iranian oil and gas deals which firms from other countries are engaging in. Other opponents to the Sanctions wonder if a policy of offering â€Å"all stick and no carrot† is undermining social and political change in Iran since the offending regime goes largely unpunished. I don’t feel that sanctions can be effective at changing the behavior of governments. Take Cuba for example, we’ve had an embargo placed on the country for years in order to persuade them to change their government. Castro is still in charge and leads the country just the same. While the embargo does limit the economic success that the country has had, it has not forced the country to topple. What it does is force the country such as Iran to do is to develop strategies for diversifying trade routes, to find new economic partners, and reducing dependence on oil export revenues to the United States. From a business standpoint all we are doing is limiting the amount of revenue that we can obtain and limiting the potential for another market in which we could thrive. One country acting alone can’t bring about reforms through the use of economic sanctions or embargoes. While The U.S. is a leading power, there are plenty of other countries that would leap at the economic opportunities that we are leaving behind, and do. While we had an embargo on Cuba other countries such as Russia were still working with Cuba. After the Persian Gulf War the U.S. began to persuade Europe and Japan to limit their involvement in Iran. There was no way for the U.S. to enforce any of these policies. To be fully effective with sanctions or embargoes there would ne...

How to Separate Salt and Water

How to Separate Salt and Water Have you ever wondered how you could purify seawater to drink it or how you could separate salt from water in saltwater? Its really very simple. The two most common methods are distillation and evaporation, but there are other ways to separate the two compounds. Separate Salt and Water Using Distillation You can boil or evaporate the water and the salt will be left behind as a solid. If you want to collect the water, you can use distillation. This works because salt has a much higher boiling point than water. One way to separate salt and water at home is to boil the salt water in a pot with a lid. Offset the lid slightly so that the water that condenses on the inside of the lid will run down the side to be collected in a separate container. Congratulations! Youve just made distilled water. When all of the water has boiled off, the salt will remain in the pot. Separate Salt and Water Using Evaporation Evaporation works the same way as distillation, just at a slower rate. Pour the salt water into a shallow pan. As the water evaporates, the salt will remain behind. You can speed up the process by raising the temperature or by blowing dry air over the surface of the liquid. A variation of this method is to pour the salt water onto a piece of dark construction paper or a coffee filter. This makes recovering the salt crystals easier than scraping them out of the pan. Other Methods To Separate Salt and Water Another way to separate salt from water is to use reverse osmosis. In this process, water is forced through a permeable filter, causing the concentration of salt to increase as the water is pushed out. While this method is effective, reverse osmosis pumps are relatively expensive. However, they can be used to purify water at home or when camping. Electrodialysis can be used to purify water. Here, a negatively-charged anode and a positively-charged cathode are placed in water and separated by a porous membrane. When an electric current is applied, the anode and cathode attract the positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions, leaving behind the purified water. Note: this process does not necessarily make the water safe to drink, since uncharged contaminants may remain. A chemical method of separating salt and water involves adding decanoic acid to salt water. The solution is heated. Upon cooling, salt precipitates out of the solution, falling to the bottom of the container. The water and decanoic acid settle into separate layers, so the water can be removed.

Summary and Critical Analysis Project Compensation and Agreements Essay

Summary and Critical Analysis Project Compensation and Agreements - Essay Example fee method of billing does not put so much into the experience of the employee which is a downside into motivating employees to have experience to work. It simply focuses on the kind of service provided before pay is issued. A fixed fee account provides a fixed fee for the services being offered and which requires an in depth knowledge of the service being provided. This is only effective for experienced designers who are aware of their services (Piotrowski 100). In a cost plus percentage markup method, the customer is the one who benefits more as they are passed all the discounts from the suppliers leading to low cost of purchase. This however works only on the residential clients whose purchases are relatively smaller. Square foot method is payment by the number of square foots meaning the more the square foots the more the pay. It is effective in commercial industries as it boosts productivity and motivates employees to work even harder. The best method from all the methods above and others is the combination method that combines several of the methods taking into account experience and market among other factors (Piotrowski 105). Any service provided in the field of design demands a contract with a list of specifications necessary to provide guidance. The contract requires several basic requirements which have to be followed if it is to be considered valid. These elements include an offer, counteroffer and acceptance where the terms of the design are discussed and the price is provided. It is concluded by mutual agreement and a letter to seal the deal and provide physical evidence of the deal (Piotrowski 112). The contract is a perfect way to not only protect the interests of the client but they protect the work of the designer as well from frauds. A statute of frauds is provided which provides guidance on the frauds that can be prosecuted. If the contract document lacks names such as that of the client and address as well as a clear description of the

Statical Data in a Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statical Data in a Business - Essay Example A central depot is set up, where all the detergent that is manufactured by the two plants is sent and mixed together. Following a careful investigation, the production manager established that 10% of the detergent manufactured in Florida and 5% of the detergent manufactured in Texas is faulty and hence cannot be used. It is also known that when the company sells faulty products, its goodwill is tainted and the cost of replacing the faulty product is high. The production manager finds it prudent to allocate these costs reasonably between the two production facilities. This allocation requires knowledge of the probability that a particular production line will produce faulty detergent. In particular, the production manager should seek answers to the following questions: To find the solution to this problem, a probability function is constructed, whereby, F stands for the event that a unit of detergent is faulty. In other words, the production manager is aware of the following? It is by now known that 40% of the detergent is produced by Florida plant and 60% from Texas. As such, P (Florida) = 0.40 and P (Texas) = 0.6. Using Bayes’ Theorem, the following probability from each production line is presented: These probabilities imply that 57.14% of the faulty cost should be assigned to the Florida plant and 42.86% assigned to the Texas plant. It is notable that P (F) represents the probability of the faulty detergent. This probability can be represented as follows: The production manager has applied Bayes’ theorem to craft a fair method of allocation cost that is associated with production of defective products between the two production facilities (Peebles, 1993). Although the production manager was not certain of the exact cost that comes from each plant, the probabilities have been formed devoid of bias. Therefore, the company will be more decisive when allocating these costs between

I attach the file with options on the topic of the BOOK REVIEW Essay

I attach the file with options on the topic of the BOOK REVIEW - Essay Example Since the debate of left and right has been valid and intact for the last several decades, portraying the images of modern and conservative respectively while exercising power and ensuring good governance, the author strives to depict the realities, concepts and misconceptions associated with it in general in the contemporary times (67). Giddens claims that although modernity has made its sure headway, the imperative significance of traditionalism and conservatism could never be negated or refuted at any cost. It appears to be more explicit in the sense that the previous era rightists used to look for sticking to the age-old ways of life, and used to defend the patterns of their life in a conventional manner; nevertheless, the same characteristics have been shifted to the modern, or leftist, communities, which observe great perils regarding the spread of purported contemporary era radicalism (82–5). As a result, dealing with the radicals has turned out to be a great challenge for the peace-seeking political administrations. Hence, the western societies appear to be maintaining a defensive approach while supporting the modernity at the time when the purported radicals seem to be standing against modern patterns of life with the aim of crushing the ways that are contrary to the social norms and moral values abided by almost all societies of the world for the last centuries to go. Hence, the governments of the developed nations appear to be afraid of the consequences of the reaction of radicals to allowing such freedoms including extra-marital cohabitations, same-sex relationships and marriages, illegitimate pregnancies, government controlled economic activities and application of latest scientific and technological equipment on a massive scale. Thus, the political administrations have to undergo serious reservations because of the perils of a severe reaction to the modern ways of life from the radicals. One of the most distinguished characteristics attribu ted to the contemporary radicals includes their support of the free market instead of keeping their weight in favour of the government controlled economic system advocated by socialism to be the essential element of a welfare state (136–7). Hence, the concept of welfare state with regard to the socialist economic system seems to be opposed and rebutted by the present-day radicals, who used to organise demonstrations and launch social movements for immediate enforcement of the same (192). Therefore, power appears to be shifting from modernity to radicalism-conservatism in various parts of the globe, and the developed nations have to make strong decisions in order to combat with the opposition from radicals. The Marxist-Socialist perspective, Giddens asserts, looks retrospective while narrating the relation between man and

Failing Schools and Students in the US Research Paper

Failing Schools and Students in the US - Research Paper Example No Accountability of Individual Schools 3. Lack of Qualified Staff in Schools C. Is the Argument out of the School’s Hands? 1. Effects of the No Child Left Behind Act Conclusion Work Cited Introduction Today it is of crucial importance that education should be given utmost attention, as it is considered a guaranteed insurance into ones future. However, it is usual that children are failing consistently in many parts of the world especially USA. A student who is disinterested in the education will generally miss college lectures and would perform extremely poor in assessments tests. In worst cases, students would stop attending their schools or colleges and would thereby sit at home without concern for their education, career and life. It is important that causes of inability to perform well at school should be figured out before they can be pin down to improve performances in general and long term successes in whole. Does the issue lie with the students and/or the parents? Lac k of Parenting Today many of the children fail because of lack of parenting guidance or parents lacking such skills. Children today need their parent's guidance so they could help them make positive options instead of just trying to control them or choose for them what they are not interested in. If parents act as children’s guide they are letting them not rely on their inner guidance. If parents guide their children through the process of decision making they are letting them look in to the situations from all of its sides. This even helps them build a sort of self esteem that is they would start trusting them and believing in ability to make good choices. According to Mr. PubMed, the usual cause of lack of parenting skills is their low socio-economic status. Parents which are living below poverty lines have no such access to parenting skills. Teen parents simply have a hard time forming such parenting skills. In middle families this is mainly due to lack of emotional and fi nancial support and lack of awareness. In richer families this is mainly because parents simply lack time. Moreover, the younger parents were the ones who were more immature and less capable of giving the sacrifices sometimes that are required of parents. Furthermore, the parents that have abuse are more likely to make bad parenting choices. Students Hungry or Lack of Sleep August 2007 – One of the study by James F. Pagel who was the MD of University of Colorado school of Medicine has given reports that students could have insufficient sleep that could thereby have adverse effects next day not on adults performance but also on students performance. Hunger and sleep are two of the vital needs of a healthy society. Adolescents who have experience sleep disturbances are the ones more likely to receive bad grades. Based on a 238 questionnaires that were completed by the middle or high school students, the survey proved that those who have gained lower GPA were the ones who had mo st sleepless nights and such issues that include restless, a hard time waking up in the morning, when trying to fall asleep, difficulty concentrating during the day, snoring every night, aching legs, and falling asleep in class. James Pagel had said: Some of the previously conducted studies had proved that students who had irregular sleep patterns, inadequate sleep or otherwise poor sleep quality didn’t perform well in school in comparison to students who

Con Side of Christian Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Con Side of Christian Science - Essay Example Over the past years, the fundamentalist faith healing practices have grown tremendously to the extent that it has raised serious concerns about its legal basis and for how long it can be tolerated. This can only be considered to be a sect that is illegal. It is considered to be primitive Christianity one which rejects modern scientific inquiry since it emphasizes on the idea that spiritual healing has to be understood in a scientific manner. According to the medical societies, those practicing Christian Science were liable to prosecution through the medical quackery laws (Young 268). This would help transform the bogus medical practitioners into trained and licensed practitioners. To the practitioners, it was through tolerance and faith that one would get healed. It was evident that the numbers of deaths were rapidly rising and this was attributed to the fact that most people were ignoring medical attention and preferred Christian Science. In 1989, a four year old boy named Morris co ntracted a mysterious disease which led to a respiratory infection. By then, his parents were members of the followers of Christ church. According to his parents, true Christians were not expected to turn to medicine when they fell sick. They therefore decided to turn to prayers for their son believing that he would be healed. They bought and anointed him with the holy oil and went ahead to pray for him for 46 days but during this period, his condition continued to deteriorate. The boy did not survive but died after 47 days (Young 269). A medical examiner said that the boy needed basic anti biotic and he would be fine. From the medical examiner, this was the worst case he had experienced from the Christian scientists and to him the parents were liable to a criminal act and they were to be subjected to legal justification. The fact that the parents were religiously motivated made the child a victim of traditional abuse just like the children who die of treatable illness. They could b e subjected to criminal law as this was not right as the parents had failed to undertake an affirmative defense on their child who was still dependent on them for their care. This has indicated that children die unnecessarily due to such ignorance. The survival rates were low for children and this was a negative show for the survival of children as it had been threatened. They can be accused of murder since their son was still too young to seek medical attention on his own. This is feared t become a threat with time as more fatalities that are as a result of Christian Science are still being reported. This relates to another scenario where AIDS patients are only prayed for and not taken to hospital in Christ the king church. According to the church it is only through Jesus that we can receive true healing and therefore going to the hospital to seek medication is an indication that you worship the doctors and not the church. Most transmissions of the disease were as a result of injec tions and heterosexual intercourse. Culture plays a major role in what members of society do and it will definitely shape their attitude towards various aspects including HIV (Young 270). As for politicians, they have come up with campaigns against the disease where they employ people to create awareness on the disease and how they can

Physics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Physics - Assignment Example There are certain standards set as to assert the safety standard of any nuclear power plant. The organization that regulates the policies around the globe is known as IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). This organization has set a certain benchmark; which are actually, major concerns of a nuclear reactor in any country of the world. Some on the concerns are: 1. Testing of emergency situations, if and when they happen. 2. Equipment and actions to adhere the consequences of such an emergency. 3. Probability calculations of units failing and their back-ups. 4. Examining the worst possible scenario and creating an emergency plan accordingly. 5. Actions taken, in the event of radiation emissions form the plant. 6. Proper training of the men working in these facilities. 7. Anti-earth quake and anti-flood systems, which have to be, installed (Hugh, 2011). Question 2 There are three types of radiation particles namely alpha, beta and gamma particle radiations. Alpha radiations have be en defined as helium nuclei, comprising of two protons and two neutrons. It is considered to be very stable. Beta radiations have been defined as fast moving electrons formed by nuclear decay, whereas gamma radiations are known to be high frequency, short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (Cheng et al, 2000). All three of these radiations have certain benefits and disadvantages. The disadvantage of alpha particle is that when it in inhaled, can cause damage to lungs and the respiratory system. Beta rays cause disorder in the molecular structure of humans, whereas gamma rays can directly damage the human tissue, since they are very high energy rays. Along with these disadvantages, there are some benefits as well. Alpha particles are used to detect smoke for engaging a fire alarm or water sprinkler. Beta particles are used to find thickness of aluminum foil, its variables and capable of treating cancer patients as well. Gamma radiations are used to locate flaws in pipes, other stee l products for leaks and the integrity of welds in them (Cheng et al, 2000). Medical benefits of radiations can be seen in the use of x-rays and treatment of cancer, whereas non-medical use of radiation can be seen in industries, for detection of leaks and welding faults in different metal mediums. Also for non-medical use, the rays are used for inspection on the production line to check emptiness or the thickness of materials like aluminum. (Cheng et al, 2000). Question 3 Apart from nuclear power, there are other ways to produce energy like hydroelectric, fossil fuel burning, solar and wind power. All these methods have a lot of advantages and disadvantages. Some of them will be depicted here. Hydroelectric power is free of cost, as water flow is easily available all around the world but the drawback is the amount of expenditure involved to build dams and huge water turbines. Furthermore, the environmental hazard for hydroelectric power generation is the disturbance of the ecologic al habitat of the aquatic life in the region. Fossil fuel is the best form of energy as it provides predictable and a constant power source but the major drawback falters this form of energy. It is the fossil fuel that is not a reusable or renewable source and is becoming scarce from the world at a very rapid rate. Solar and wind power both have almost the same kind of advantage and disadvantage. The setup for both is very expensive and is unpredictable in nature but the best advantage of these sources of power is

Con Side of Christian Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Con Side of Christian Science - Essay Example Over the past years, the fundamentalist faith healing practices have grown tremendously to the extent that it has raised serious concerns about its legal basis and for how long it can be tolerated. This can only be considered to be a sect that is illegal. It is considered to be primitive Christianity one which rejects modern scientific inquiry since it emphasizes on the idea that spiritual healing has to be understood in a scientific manner. According to the medical societies, those practicing Christian Science were liable to prosecution through the medical quackery laws (Young 268). This would help transform the bogus medical practitioners into trained and licensed practitioners. To the practitioners, it was through tolerance and faith that one would get healed. It was evident that the numbers of deaths were rapidly rising and this was attributed to the fact that most people were ignoring medical attention and preferred Christian Science. In 1989, a four year old boy named Morris co ntracted a mysterious disease which led to a respiratory infection. By then, his parents were members of the followers of Christ church. According to his parents, true Christians were not expected to turn to medicine when they fell sick. They therefore decided to turn to prayers for their son believing that he would be healed. They bought and anointed him with the holy oil and went ahead to pray for him for 46 days but during this period, his condition continued to deteriorate. The boy did not survive but died after 47 days (Young 269). A medical examiner said that the boy needed basic anti biotic and he would be fine. From the medical examiner, this was the worst case he had experienced from the Christian scientists and to him the parents were liable to a criminal act and they were to be subjected to legal justification. The fact that the parents were religiously motivated made the child a victim of traditional abuse just like the children who die of treatable illness. They could b e subjected to criminal law as this was not right as the parents had failed to undertake an affirmative defense on their child who was still dependent on them for their care. This has indicated that children die unnecessarily due to such ignorance. The survival rates were low for children and this was a negative show for the survival of children as it had been threatened. They can be accused of murder since their son was still too young to seek medical attention on his own. This is feared t become a threat with time as more fatalities that are as a result of Christian Science are still being reported. This relates to another scenario where AIDS patients are only prayed for and not taken to hospital in Christ the king church. According to the church it is only through Jesus that we can receive true healing and therefore going to the hospital to seek medication is an indication that you worship the doctors and not the church. Most transmissions of the disease were as a result of injec tions and heterosexual intercourse. Culture plays a major role in what members of society do and it will definitely shape their attitude towards various aspects including HIV (Young 270). As for politicians, they have come up with campaigns against the disease where they employ people to create awareness on the disease and how they can

Wartime Film Essay Example for Free

Wartime Film Essay If, in the midst of the true-life films all through World War II, the British films were exemplified or distinguished by their humanistic vision of man’s capability to tolerate and triumph, and the Nazi films by their intimidating bellicosity and aggression, the American films were well-known equally for their bold, nationalistic and perceptive or insightful justification of why the Americans were fighting, and for their complicated yet refined cinematic artistry. The wartime true-life film propaganda of Allied and Axis nations alike show an exaggerated depiction or representation of society, morals and power. The American films illustrate an influential and virtuous state, confident in its future to save and protect humankind from oppression, cruelty or autocracy. Based on an account made by Allan M. Winkler (1978), the propaganda used during these times â€Å"reflected the way that most ordinary Americans viewed themselves as they worked to defeat the Axis powers. † He also adds that â€Å"in the end, American propaganda reflected American policy, and indeed America itself. † A lot of of the true-life films finished throughout World War II were described or illustrated by the unchanged traits that famed the feature films of the earlier decade. They were sentimental and corny, witty and intelligent, simplistic and superficial, hard-hitting and zealous. In addition to this, not like the American true-life films of the 1930s created mainly by individual or group filmmakers on the East coast, several of the films during the period of war were completed, under the administration of Washington, by Hollywood experts in the world’s motion picture capital. This venture or project concerned an extraordinary partnership involving industry and government. As Americans were drafted into the armed forces service, so too, were cinematographers, writers, editors, and directors of Hollywood and individual films drafted into the motion picture units of military, with the resources of dominant distributors, studios, film archives and motion picture tools producers put at their disposal. The Hollywood part of this endeavor was corresponded by the War Activities Committee of the Motion Picture Industry, which was structured into seven divisions that replicated the multifaceted American motion picture industry such as distributors, theaters, newsreels, trade press, public relations, foreign markets and Hollywood production. Together with Washington were the dominant government agencies such as Justice, Inter-American Affairs, Interior, Agricultural, Treasury, State, Transportation, Civilian Defense, and definitely including War, War Information, War Production Board, and War Relocation Authority. Collectively, the movie industry and the government created or formed an astounding amount of movies of various categories or types for several functions. Several offer documentary accounts of battle and struggle, others demonstrate the national offerings to the war effort, and still others give tribute to a person’s courage, strength and valor. In the Untied States, the solitary Allied country unscathed by hostilities and war activity inside its continental boundaries, civilians had to rely for their war reports on private communication from armed personnel in the war zones, newspapers, journals, motion pictures, radio, or media prepared by the Office of War Information. National television broadcasting, the primary or main source of public information in the Vietnam War, was not present in the 1940s, and neither did the idea or notion of the â€Å"living room war. † Certainly, though their weekly attendance at the movie theaters, viewers were able to observe up-to-date newsreels and government combat movies or pictures, as well as narrative films, which offered or presented information, amusement, and getaway from their apprehensions or concerns with regards to the war. The joint venture linking Hollywood and Washington made certain or guaranteed a steady flow of suitable and well-timed information to film screens in the nation’s theaters, civilian hospitals, to industrial plants and to military camps. These movies helped Americans appreciate the very important significance of several new things, as well as the need for struggle in areas they had by no means heard of before, twenty-four-hour industrial assembly, and food rationing. This information not only informed and educated the public, but also encouraged their munificent support of the war effort. During the war, turnout was soaring at local motion picture theaters, which demonstrate to be an ideal location for advertising and selling war bonds or for accumulating financial support for such reasons or functions as war relief. In the United States, gathering support for the war endeavor was not at all times trouble-free, for numerous Americans had not only a rugged isolationist predisposition, but also a deep-rooted suspicion and disbelief in the United States administration propaganda. Industry and government leaders, who were overwhelmed by the Nazi and British film programs, were certain that film could be successful in informing the predominantly isolationist Americans of how, where, when and why they were combating and thus awaken their patriotic sympathies. According to Elmer Davis (1968), the wartime head of the Office of War Information (OWI), there were at least three other complications or hindrances to film production during the period of war. The hazard that the propaganda is a sign of partisan views particularly that of the president’s. The deficiency of military collaboration and teamwork in gathering and reporting facts, especially when it might aid or give comfort to enemy; and the belief among some members of the press that they should be free to gather the news without having to rely on a government spokesperson. During the Second World War, true-life film helped and gave support to the unification of the public in its loyalty and nationalism and to promote its support of military participation. Even though Allied films do not idealize war, they attempt to justify World War II by explaining it in clear, non-ambiguous terms. Still, bound together by a common goal, freedom from Fascist aggression and tyranny, Allied filmmakers often set aside logic and convention, as well as civic and personal values, to support the overriding idea of victory over the enemy. One of the most significant tasks of narrative feature film war propaganda, or war propaganda in general, is to create specific role models through whom filmmakers create or reinforce important values. Particularly in World War II when American pro-war propaganda films experienced their heyday, the government knew it needed to overcome an ingrained American trait: stubborn individuality. Audiences had to be shown that although in peace time, â€Å"doing one’s own thing† was an acceptable, even praiseworthy, American entrepreneurial virtue, team play and regimentation are more desirable goals in wartime. In John Ford’s â€Å"They Were Expendable† (1945), John Wayne depicts or portrays an archetypal model of the strong individualist faced with a conversion decision. Tired of no-glory milk runs in the P. T. boats to which he was assigned, Wayne wants a transfer. He’s convinced that his ambitions can only be served if he is reassigned to a destroyer, where he can make a name for himself. He even goes so far to fill out a transfer application, but tears it up when he hears the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. His ambition and search for glory must wait. Similarly, Robert Montgomery, Wayne’s P. T. boat squadron commander, is aggravated by his admiral’s reluctance to use P. T. ’s on combat missions. On one instance, the admiral, in prototypical World War II pep talk, uses a sports analogy to remind Montgomery of the need for teamwork. â€Å"You and I are professionals, if the manager says ‘sacrifice’. We lay down a bunt and let somebody else hit the home runs. † Duly chastised, Montgomery adjusts his attitude. Correspondingly, in â€Å"Crash Dive† (1943), Tyrone Power is resentful for being transferred to submarine service, especially since he has recently made a name for himself in P. T. boats, his favorite naval craft. But, through various espirit de corps-building experiences on board the submarine, the hardheaded role in the team effort to win the war. At the conclusion, with patriotic music rising in the background, Power recites a litany of naval craft, from P. T. ’s to battleships to carriers, extolling their individual contributions to team victory. Regardless of era, these films state clearly that individualism must take a back seat to the needs of the military organizations. In the American movies, the audiences are also thought from selfish to being selfless. As such, there is a great resemblance between John Carroll in â€Å"The Flying Tigers† (1942) and the characters in the previous section. Like Edmund O’Brien and James Cagney, Carroll plays a veteran pilot not used to taking orders, very short on cooperation and obedience. But Carroll offers a bridge from the previous category to this one because of his motivation: Primarily, he’s a modern-day bounty hunter out strictly for the money paid to Flying Tigers for each Japanese plane they shoot down. Unlike the other Tigers, who, like Texan Jimmy Dodd, agree that â€Å"Where I come from there doesn’t have to be a bounty on a rattlesnake to kill him,† Carroll is selfish and is only motivated by money. He abandons wingmen if he can shoot down another plane, takes reckless chances, and endangers others, all for money. But when he sees the results of Japanese bombing of an orphanage, his outlook widens. And when his irresponsibility causes the death of a fellow Tiger, Carroll repents and takes on an expiative suicide mission. Similarly, three 1943 film heroes, George Montgomery in â€Å"China Girl†, Alan Ladd in â€Å"China†, and Ward Bond in â€Å"Hitler: Dead or Alive, are concerned solely with money at the outset of their adventures. Montgomery, a salty photojournalist, is out to document the war for fame and tidy profit, and, like Carroll, is unconcerned about what is happening to the Chinese people he photographs. Ladd sells truckloads of gasoline to anyone who will pay, Chinese guerillas or the Japanese. When both protagonists experience the love of Eurasian women (Gene Tierney and Loretta Young, respectively), and witness first-hand Japanese atrocities committed against Chinese civilians, they put aside profits and personal security and protection and join the Chinese guerillas. In â€Å"Hitler: Dead of Alive†, a predominantly silly grade-B hooligan adventure movie, Ward Bond is a criminal world â€Å"big-shot† who, along with two other hooligans, accepts a million dollar agreement, let by a rich American entrepreneur to kill in cold blood or kidnap Adolph Hitler. At first only concerned with the money, Bond witnesses a Nazi â€Å"blood purge,† the killing of innocent women and children. Horrified, he discards the chance to kill Hitler. As an alternative, Bond tries no discuss an end to the war in return for the â€Å"fuhrer†, whom he has kidnapped. This unselfish effort fails, and Bond dies. But in memory of Bond’s endeavor, the industrialist nevertheless â€Å"pays off† the hooligan by making a contribution of a million dollars worth of planes to the war endeavor. In addition to this, the viewers through the films during the wartime were taught from being cowards to heroes. In Act III of Julius Caesar, â€Å"Cowards die many times before their deaths, the valiant never taste death but once† (Shakespeare, 29). Films portraying an assortment of wars have constantly managed to deal with those who faced fear and mastered it. War propaganda must address the subject of fear, and supply its audiences with reasons sufficient to convince peaceful men to engage in mortal combat. Patriotism, responsibility, revenge, espirit de corps, and other motivations are presented as explanation or rationalization for risking one’s life. Object lessons about fearful men are most helpful. That is why one of the frequently heard stock discussions in combat movies is the one in which as soldier new to combat is surprise to discover that the old sarge, or the captain is sacred too. In two occupied-country war movies, Charles Laughton in â€Å"This Land is Mine† (1943) and Roman Bohnen in â€Å"The Edge of Darkness† (1943) represent men for whom courage is a foreign concept. Although an adult in his forties, Laughton’s character is a â€Å"mamby-pamby mama’s boy†, afraid of everything, especially guns and hostility. But he lives in busy France throughout World War II, and Nazi mayhem and associated air raids are ordinary occurrences. A schoolteacher, Laughton is ashamed of himself, because he is a poor example to his students, who show no respect and mock him. But as soon as his headmaster and mentor, who had advocated or recommended him to develop into a positive model to his students, is killed by the Nazis as a retaliation for resistance activities in the area, Laughton turns out to be both furious and courageous. He candidly speaks out in opposition to the enemy, influencing the townspeople to join the fight and engage in resistance and sabotage. His students now look on him with pride and admiration. Immediately before the Germans guide him out of his classroom to be shot, he reads the French Declaration of the Rights of men to his pupils. When he is gone, he leaves a classroom complete of new young zealots for the cause of liberty. Roman Bohnen plays a salesperson in Norway in â€Å"The Edge of Darkness†. Different from Laughton, he has constantly been vocal in his hate for the Germans, and pictures himself as a soldier executing all of them. But Bohnen’s character is all harangue and chatter. In a face-to-face disagreement with a group of disdainful German troops, he has the chance to courageously say to the Nazis what he believes or thinks of them. But he becomes so frightened he can say nothing. The significance or meaning of the film is that even though as individuals, people are hard pushed to stand up to such an attacker, if each and everybody stands together, they can succeed. So when the whole village rises up as one against the Nazis, Bohnen takes his place among the men, picks up a rifle, and becomes conscious his daydreams. He unites his fellow townspeople in the annihilation of the whole German defense force. Furthermore, films were a sign of the mood of its audience when the unconcerned were portrayed and became concerned. This class or group of character conversion is moderately comparable to the selfish-selfless conversion, in view of the fact that in these situations or circumstances, concern with one’s self is often tied to a singular lack of concern for anything else. Unquestionably, Alan Ladd in â€Å"China† and George Montgomery in â€Å"China Girl† both were mainly concerned with money and fame but the unnecessary massacre of the Chinese had as much to do with their change to the reason as did the encouragements of Loretta Young and Gene Tierney. In addition to these films, Tallulah Bankhead in â€Å"Lifeboat† (1944) and Henry Hull in â€Å"Objective Burma† (1945) play journalists more interested in filing sensational stories than in the issues and outcomes of the war. Instead of helping victims of a U-Boat assault into her lifeboat, Bankhead receives movies and curses when John Hodiak unintentionally knocks her camera into the water. Hull, somewhat anti-military, uninterested and for the most part concerned with a good story, goes along with Errol Flynn on a paratrooper raid into Japanese-held territory. Despite their wishes to remain onlookers, both characters cease to be objective chroniclers and become active participants in events. The demure Bankhead in the end joins the others in savagely murdering their Nazi lifeboat-mate in retaliation for the execution of an injured man. Hull observes the remnants of American troops viciously tormented by the Japanese. Losing his usual or customary worldly cool, wilde-eyed and shaking he shouts, â€Å"Stinking little savages! Wipe ‘em out! Wipe ‘em off the face of the earth! † Earlier than the war, particularly, the documentary genre was dominantly concerned with motivating productive and significant thinking and with determining or scattering opinions and thoughts for the good of mankind. The greater part of true-life films created throughout the war were also concerned with teaching and information, but they were based on the basic principles, morals, ethics or values of the countries which created them. They may not have called upon the viewers to think critically or to depict rational conclusions, but they were swift to be virtuous regarding their own purposes, motivations and inspirations or to pass decision on the motives of their adversaries (Barsam, 175). Works Cited China. 1943. John Farrow, April 21. China Girl. 1943. Henry Hathaway, December 9. Crash Dive. 1943. Archie Mayo, April 22. The Edge of Darkness. 1943. Lewis Milestone, April 24. The Flying Tigers. 1942. David Miller, October 8. Hitler: Dead of Alive. 1943. Nick Grinde, April 3. The Land Is Mine. 1943. Jean Renoir, May 7. Lifeboat. 1944. Alfred Hitchcock, January 12. Objective, Burma! 1945. Raoul Walsh, February 17. They Were Expendable. 1945. John Ford, December 30. Barsam, Richard Meran. Nonfiction Film: A Critical History. USA: Richard Meran Barsam, 1992. Davis, Elmer. Report to the President. Journalism Monographs No. 7 (August 1968). Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. , 1991. Winkler, Allan M. The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945. Yale University Press, 1978.

Bay Of Pigs Historiography

Bay Of Pigs Historiography March 1960 marked the future of international relations between the United States and Cuba. The epic battle at the Bay of Pigs defined irrationalities between the two nations. U.S. President of the time, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ordered the central intelligence agency, otherwise known as the CIA, to use their special activities division to train, equip, and lead Cuban exiles in an invasion of Cuba. This was elaborately planned to overthrow the new communist government led by Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. Eisenhower justified his cooperation for his opposing position stating it was the policy of the United States to aid the anti-Castro guerrilla forces. The original CIA plan called for a ship-borne invasion at the old colonial city of Trinidad, Cuba. Trinidad had good port facilities, and arguably was close to much existing counter-revolutionary activities. The CIA later proposed alternative plans, and on March 11, 1961 President Kennedy and his cabinet selected the Bay of Pigs option. Dur ing the invasion Kennedy decided not to send the air support to Cuba, for it would cause Soviet Russia to believe the United States was only a vicious world leader, giving them liable reason to attack America. However troops did not respond well to Kennedys decision since Castro took that moment to capture U.S. Military officials. The catastrophe was solely blamed on the president at the time. Like several times in history, the United States claimed it was their duty to set democratic policies in the small but important country; spreading a peaceful and efficient government gave people equal rights and laws all the while separating the elite government officials from the common population. Furthermore Castro would be unable to harm the people of Cuba if he were no longer in power, thus decreasing the illegal immigration from Cuba to America. As far as the United States was concerned it was necessary for the invasion to set some standards of living in the troubled country. However like all wars or arguments there is an opposing side and Cuba was not concerned with the same matter. Castro was furious his own people were invading their homeland. Unfortunately because he was the highest authority at the time, he initially ordered those few individuals to be exiled. The people of Cuba wanted freedom and support from a government that was anything but just. The communist country made no attempts to help its people , when concerned with gaining higher power. Castro was looked down upon as a dictator of the time despite his disapproval of dictatorships. The Cuban government order of battle is unclear and subject to dispute, although most sources generally credit Fidel Castro with centrally directing the overall strategy from Havana. Today the Bay of Pigs invasion is once again looked through two different perspectives. The United States is content in believing their decision to invade was correct and history has obviously repeated itself with the recent war in Irag and the decision to invade Pakistan. However there are several controversial theories claiming President Kennedy did not in fact order the cease of the air support. Many historians believe the CIA went against official government orders and took it upon themselves to delay the message to aircraft transporters. John F. Kennedy may simply be the innocent by-standard that issued a command that small, tangent groups refused to follow. The argument once again has an opposition, and Castro-followers believe Kennedy and Castro might have been in a secret society together; somewhat of a masonic cult of their own. Conspiracies continue to arise throughout our modern historical perspectives yet our history cannot be rerecorded. Of course relations between the United States and Cuba only became worse with the Cuban Missile Crisis and extend to sour interactions into present day history. Today Cuba and America are far from cooperating neighbors and the battle continues. Until Castros recent exit from the Cuban government office in 2008 and the reelection of the United States President, both nations have constantly vowed to fight until the end. We ceased trade with Cuba while they released all of their fugitive prisoners to contribute to the illegal immigration overload in America. They have waged vengeance upon each other like angry siblings without parental supervision. Even as a leading world power the American government has done little to compromise and solve the international affairs. With the hope of a new government in control of both countries, the history is at chance to change for the better and one day prosper as an ally.

Women and Religion Essay -- essays research papers

Religion has existed for as long as man has. Both men, and women believed in a superior being to explain the existence of life. Now with the different varieties of religions, men and women play different roles that are permitted by each one of them. Men are allowed to do as they please in the church as far as the worshipping of god is concerned, but women have been and still are restricted from performing some of the same task. Women are expected to follow and obey the word of God just as much as men are, but they still are denied the privilege of spreading the word of God. The male gender has dominated the world for the past hundreds of years, but times have changed and women are seeking equality. Even in the church, men are categorized as superior to women. Since it is difficult to actually know what God wants from his followers, the Bible is one source that has been used as reference to determine superiority of genders in the church. "Jesus was a man who chose 12 male apostles to carry on his work, therefore only men could be priest" (Connel A1), is a common reference used to the scriptures found in the Bible. This attitude labeled tradition is still around today and is being taught today throughout the world, basically in the Roman Catholic religion. The Bible states "Let your women keep silent in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak, but they are commanded to be under obedience as also saith the law" (I Corinthians 14:34). When a p...

The Power of Myth :: American Myth Myths Essays

The Power of Myth In the texts that we have recently read, we have seen the importance of myth in giving meaning and understanding to life. In the Beginnings of the Western Mind we read about the importance of myth in the consciousness of the oral societies of pre-classical Greece; in Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs we read about the myth of the "West" in the U.S. and its influence on the thought of many Americans; In Things Fall Apart we see the power if myth and the consequences of the break down of those myths and stories upon which a culture is structured on. I wish to discuss the importance of telling myths and stories in influencing the quality of our culture. Often, Americans look back on older cultures and try to understand them in terms of their myths and stories but, I fear, we do not question our own myths and stories. Perhaps the problem is not that we don't question our myths, but that we are not aware that we have myths and stories. If we don't recognize that as part of human nature that we are going to have myths and stories to explain who we are, we can not fully understand who we are. Traditionally, myths have been our stories about "gods." Gods have been, throughout our history, the "personifications of the transformative power" (Malloy 1998, Lecture Notes). Our archetypes are part of our myths and stories--they tell us who we are and give us meaning. Myths can be thought of as messages in symbols (archetypes), they give meaning, explain "why?" and allow us to change and to understand change. Today however, we live in a demythologized world. Our myths and stories are us. Myths and stories tell us who we are, why we are and how we should be. But we must wonder, "what happens when we stop telling good myths and stories?" Carl Jung, the famous psychologist and pioneering anthropologist, after studying the archetypes, myths, and stories of the native American peoples, went back to Europe where he began to notice that Europe no longer had archetypes, myths, or stories to give the necessary meaning to life. Thus, while early twentieth century Europe may have been technologically more advanced than the tribes of the Amazon or Kalhari, it lacked any of the stories that give us meaning and in a sense (in the context of the history of humanity), we are in a disparate way, less culturally developed. The Power of Myth :: American Myth Myths Essays The Power of Myth In the texts that we have recently read, we have seen the importance of myth in giving meaning and understanding to life. In the Beginnings of the Western Mind we read about the importance of myth in the consciousness of the oral societies of pre-classical Greece; in Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs we read about the myth of the "West" in the U.S. and its influence on the thought of many Americans; In Things Fall Apart we see the power if myth and the consequences of the break down of those myths and stories upon which a culture is structured on. I wish to discuss the importance of telling myths and stories in influencing the quality of our culture. Often, Americans look back on older cultures and try to understand them in terms of their myths and stories but, I fear, we do not question our own myths and stories. Perhaps the problem is not that we don't question our myths, but that we are not aware that we have myths and stories. If we don't recognize that as part of human nature that we are going to have myths and stories to explain who we are, we can not fully understand who we are. Traditionally, myths have been our stories about "gods." Gods have been, throughout our history, the "personifications of the transformative power" (Malloy 1998, Lecture Notes). Our archetypes are part of our myths and stories--they tell us who we are and give us meaning. Myths can be thought of as messages in symbols (archetypes), they give meaning, explain "why?" and allow us to change and to understand change. Today however, we live in a demythologized world. Our myths and stories are us. Myths and stories tell us who we are, why we are and how we should be. But we must wonder, "what happens when we stop telling good myths and stories?" Carl Jung, the famous psychologist and pioneering anthropologist, after studying the archetypes, myths, and stories of the native American peoples, went back to Europe where he began to notice that Europe no longer had archetypes, myths, or stories to give the necessary meaning to life. Thus, while early twentieth century Europe may have been technologically more advanced than the tribes of the Amazon or Kalhari, it lacked any of the stories that give us meaning and in a sense (in the context of the history of humanity), we are in a disparate way, less culturally developed.

Figurative Language Essay

Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Figurative language is the use of language to describe something by comparing it to something else. It serves many linguistic purposes. It allows people to express abstract thoughts. It creates tone and communicates emotional content. The ability to use figurative language in writing can make a poem or story more enjoyable for the reader. Figurative language is taking words beyond their literal meaning and can come in many different forms, all to create a vivid picture of the written word. There are many ways to incorporate figurative language into writing, some of which come as naturally as speaking. A Simile uses the words â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike, such as â€Å"busy as a bee†. In Hart Crane’s, â€Å"My Grandmother’s Love Letters† he uses the simile â€Å"â€Å"liable to melt as snow† to describe the fragility of the letters that have been hidden away in the rafters. This use of figurative language helps the reader to visualize paper that may not be able to withstand someone touching it, but could also be used to convey the fact that not only is the paper old and fragile, but so is his grandmother. In writing, a simile would say you are â€Å"like something† whereas a metaphor would say â€Å"you are something†. A metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison without using the words â€Å"like† or â€Å"as†. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost uses a walk in the woods as a metaphor for making a decision in life, a situation that readers can easily identify with, therefore making it easier to imagine what they are reading. An implied metaphor is a metaphor that compares two things without being obvious. â€Å"There are no stars tonight, But those of memory† from Hart Crane’s, â€Å"My Grandmother’s Love Letters† is a good example of an implied metaphor. Personification is a figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object and sometimes are difficult to catch in a poem if you are not paying attention as in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, where he uses the description of† the road wanting wear†. In the line â€Å"Loose girdle of soft rain†, from â€Å"My Grandmother’s Love Letters†, the rain is compared to a loose belt, which is a clear example of Personification and much easier to understand. Creating imagery for the reader helps to entertain, provoke thought or help the reader escape to another reality. Sometimes it can even be silly such as the repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. This usage of figurative language is called Alliteration and includes tongue twisters such as â€Å"She sells seashells by the seashore†. Many writers will use words that describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object to create imagery within the writing. This is called Onomatopoeia, and although it is a big word that is hard to pronounce, it is the use of small words such as snap, crackle, pop, buzz and creaked that help bring a story or poem to life. Another form of imagery that is used quite often is Hyperbole. This is the use of statements that are so dramatic and exaggerated that a person would not believe the statement is true. â€Å"I was so hungry that not only did I eat my dinner, I ate the plate and silverware too. † A synecdoche is a form of imagery that substitutes a whole object with one aspect of that object. It may also be used to replace a specific object with something more generalized. In â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Robert Browning uses this form of figurative language when he admits to having his Duchess murdered. Instead of saying he killed her, he makes the statement that â€Å"all of her smiles have stopped†. Figurative language is important when writing poetry, but how the poem is structured and what the theme of the poem is can also add or detract from the imagery the writer is trying to create. Robert Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess† is a dramatic monologue pretending to be a conversation, written in iambic pentameter, divided up in pairs of rhymes known as Rhyme Couplets, and with lines that do not employ end-stops. Instead, the writer uses enjambment, which is when of one line of verse carries over to the next line without a pause such as: â€Å"Her husband’s presence only, called that spot Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek: perhaps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My personal opinion is that the use of enjambment makes it difficult for the reader to understand the ideas and imagery the writer is trying to convey. The theme of this poem is of arrogance, selfishness and jealousy and is lacking any wonderful imagery that could pull the reader in. This is an example of how a structure and theme can make or break the poem. I did not enjoy this poem due to how difficult it was to read, understand and envision. Another part of the structure that sets a poem apart from others is whether there is a rhyming pattern to it or if it doesn’t have a pattern at all. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a lyric poem with four stanzas of five lines each. A lyric poem is one that presents the feelings and emotions of the poet rather than telling a story such as the poem â€Å"My Last Duchess†. The structure of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a straight forward series of five line stanzas. Each stanza presents us with a single idea. The first sets up the metaphor which is then extended through the rest of the poem. I have found that I enjoy this structure and rhyming pattern making â€Å"The Road Not Taken† my favorite poem of the three that I read and chose to write about. Everyone is different in their ability to understand the written word, with some people needing things simple and full of imagery that brings the poem to life. Other people prefer a more complex poem that is not filled with fanciful images, but makes them think and analyze what they are reading. No matter what your choice of structure, figurative language or imagery is, they are all necessary to create an interesting piece of written work. Due to people and thought processes being unique to each reader, this explains why there are so many different types of poems that evoke different emotions.

Eye Injury Risk from Water Stream Impact Essay

Ocular injuries caused by solid projectiles have been described in the literature (Duma, 2005; Kennedy, 2006; Kennedy, 2007). However, the impact of a high-velocity water stream on the globe has not been previously quantified. Such pressurized water jets can be found in children’s water toys, squirt guns, and interactive water fountains. As the velocity of these water streams increases, product capabilities, and therefore popularity, likewise increase. In addition to those on the market, water gun enthusiasts custom build powerful guns in order to maximize flow rate, often in excess of 55 ft/s. Interactive water fountains (also called wet decks, splash pads, spray pads, or spray parks) are found in public areas and water parks throughout the country. The attractions feature synchronized jets of water, typically directed vertically from nozzles in the ground. While playing, it is possible for a child to look into the nozzle in anticipation of the next spurt of water which could in theory cause an eye injury. However, the increasing popularity of these fountains has not been matched by appropriate regulation. The CDC recommends that health departments update pool codes to include interactive water features that do not have standing water (Prevention, 2007) due to a series of outbreaks of gastroenteritis (Minshew, 2000). The lack of research and injury assessment has delayed the process, as most states have not established codes. Current available legislation is listed in Table 1. The primary focus of concern in current legislation is centered on the filtration system and prevention of spread of bacterial infection. This concern has taken attention away from the potential for mechanical injury due to a high-velocity water jet directed toward a child’s eyes, ear, or mouth. This study consisted of five parts: Part I includes previous research and case studies that have been reviewed to begin to understand the need for water eye injury research and the previous efforts made to investigate this injury mechanism. In Part II, a range of objects and devices were analyzed to determine water characteristics and the associated injuries. A summary table of the results was produced. In Part III, projectile impact tests were performed with three different projectiles and a range of velocities to measure normalized energy and internal pressure within the eye. For Part IV, water jet impacts were performed with three nozzle diameters and a range of water velocities to measure internal eye pressure to assess injury. In Part V, data from Part III were used to determine a correlation between normalized energy and internal eye pressure to then calculate normalized energy for the measured internal eye pressure during the water jet impacts (Part IV). Previously developed injury risk curves for corneal abrasion, hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal damage and globe rupture were applied to the calculated normalized energy to determine injury risk for the water jet impacts. Nozzle type, size, and maximum velocity are a critical part of an interactive water fountain’s performance, but until relationships between these factors and injury have been established, it is hard to place numerical guidelines on their design. This report aims to quantify the incidence and mechanics of water-induced eye injuries and benchmark the fluid mechanics of current water systems and toys. Documented cases of high-velocity water-induced eye injuries confirm the potential danger of these water blasts (Table 2). Many of the reported incidents occurred in the workplace and involve pressure washers, agricultural irrigation sprinklers, or fire hoses. While studies of water-induced eye injuries on humans have not been conducted, animal studies have linked high-velocity water jets to eye damage. Fish (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to submerged water jets at velocities ranging from 40 to 65 ft/s were examined for injury. Nearly half of all fish suffered eye injuries (bulged, hemorrhaged, or missing) at velocities of 55 ft/s and above (Deng, 2005). In a similar study, fish were released at velocities from 0 to 70 ft/s and the authors found velocity to be positively correlated to severity of injury (Nietzel, 2000). Minor severity was noted when there was a visible injury that had no threat to life and major severity was noted when the injury was a threat to life and persisted throughout time.