Franklin :: Essays Papers

FranklinThe life that Franklin depicts is more than a winner story. It is a story of nothing but success. What makes Franklins success great is that he does nothing compulsively, irrationally, or out of weakness, but appears to be governed by reason, moderation, and virtue. With his strong sense of identity he seems singularly immune to the workings of the conflict-torn inner self-importance that Yeats called the Foul rag-and-bone shop of the heart, his existence untroubled by stretches of ennui and waste. The absence of a sense of the harshness and inexplicability of life, together with his emphasis on material success is what seemed to allow Franklin to succeed. (These quotes were taken out of the introduction to Franklins autobiography).With all this in mind, I chose to read The Autobiography and Other Writings of Benjamin Franklin. This book as you could tell was written by Benjamin Franklin and its publisher is Penguin Classics. The main topic of this biography was the life of B enjamin Franklin and about all of his accomplishments and the hardships that he face growing up. This autobiography was written in the first person point of view, as a letter that Franklin wrote to his son William. Because of the fact that this book was written by Benjamin Franklin and about Benjamin Franklin, I believed everything that was said but what I disliked was how Franklin wasnt able to complete this book and how he didnt clear more time on discussing his major philosophies. The main thesis of this book was the hardship that Franklin was faced with and how he grew up to become the man that he did. I believe that the one sentence that deals with the theme of this autobiography is a quote which Franklin once said I cannot boast of much Success in acquiring the Reality of this Virtue but I had a good deal with regard to the Appearance of it. So with the belief that working hard will champion achieve goals, Franklin also states, If you work hard you will lead a fulfilling life. A third quote from Franklins autobiography that states the importance he placed on hard work to achieve success is Industry, Lose no time.-Be always employd in something useful.-Cut off all unnecessary Actions. This shows about how Franklin wasnt the type of person who waits for something to happened but works hard to achieve his goals.

Importance of Clothing in Prologue of the Canterbury Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays

Importance of Clothing in Prologue of the Canterbury Tales           Countless people remember in the cliche do not judge a book by its cover but why not? Clothing often forms anothers outgrowth impression of one. It speaks of where a person has been and where they intend to go. Their appearance also illustrates a persons true self and aspirations. A man wearing torn jeans, dingy shirt, and aged(prenominal) shoes might be thought of as poor or coming home from a hard days labor. However, a young woman in a Gucci dress with Versace pumps could be assumed to have access to a large amount of money. In The Prologue from the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses clothing as an insight into peoples ongoing assay called life.         In the Prologue, humbled by his life experiences, the Knight dresses plainly. Garbed in a stained coarse cotton tunic, the knight sits upon his horse. Seen in a divergent setting, the Knights attire w ould say little about his life as an honorable man. By humbling oneself, a true hero lends credence to the fact that rack is not always needed. His armor left dark smudges on his tunic. Humbling experiences cause humans to step back and analyze the fortune they have they image that they do not have to wear their achievements. Sometimes people boast their success through fine clothing. Unlike the flamboyant Yeomen, the  distinguished knight wears grizzly garments.         The Yeomen succumbs to societys inclination that when he dresses the part he will become successful. He wears a coat with a green hood. From a low social standing, he believes that the better he looks the more successful he will become. Emphasis should be placed on ones achievements and inner self rather than outward appearance. A saucy brace is worn on his arm to protect it from the bow. At first glance, one would assume that he was a superior archer of high-pitched standing s rather then a lowly Yeomen. Looks can be deceiving, but the illusion fades as ones true self shines through. Extravagant best describes the Yeomens style spot plain and reserved best depicts the nun.         Chaucer illustrates how small insignificant accessories can have a deeper meaning. The Nun wore a coral trinket on her arm.

The Never Ending Israel-Palestine Peace Talks Essay -- International C

The intelligence agency of people dying and suffering, killings of women and children, and bombings by terrorists and militaries, has undoubtedly grabbed the worlds attention towards the Israel- nirvana conflict. While Palestinian children scream for their dead parents, the worlds leaders and academics initiated a frantic debate, trying hard to point out the real cause and viable solutions for the modern situation. This has led to many tranquillity initiatives by the international confederation that were unfortunately a devastating failure. This deadlock had left leaders and supporters of both sides blaming each other for their stubbornness, in some cases elevating the unrest in Israel and Palestine (Reynolds). In this difficult condition, it is hard for us to determine what actually caused the failure of the peace negotiation without cosmos biased towards one side. Therefore, my goal in this essay is to take in the cause of the peace talks failure objectively by observing the history of old peace talks, the reasons for disagreement that are given by Palestine and Israel and the secern issues discussed in peace talks. Finally, I will conclude my research by create my stand on the causes based on the research I have conducted.Before we move on to discussing the cause of peace talks failures, it is crucial that we regard the peace initiatives that had occurred between Israel and Palestine. The starting point for the peace talks was UNs Security Council courage 1967 which occurred after the 1967 war (Reynolds). This resolution stressed on backdown of Israel armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict and . . . think of for and acknowledgment . . . of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and re... ...tinue the Peace Process? No, Its Heading for Disaster. nitty-gritty East Quarterly September 1995 23-28.Reynolds, Paul. storey of Mid-East peace talks. 27 August 2010. 1 April 2012 .Saad, Lynda and St eve Crabtree. impression Briefing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. 30 March 2012. 2 April 2012 .Sabbagh, Karl. Palestine History of a Lost Nation. brisk Yourk Grove Press, 2006.The Telegraph. Middle East peace talks call issues between Israel and Palestinians. The Telegraph 14 September 2010.Tibi, Ahmad. Pressing Netanyahu is the key to success in Mideast peace talks. 3 September 2010. 1 April 2012 .United Nations Security Council. Resolution 242 (1967). Official Record. New York United Nations, 1967.. Resolution 252 (1968). Official Record. New York United Nations, 1968. The Never Ending Israel-Palestine Peace Talks Essay -- International CThe news of people dying and suffering, killings of women and children, and bombings by terrorists and militaries, has undoubtedly grabbed the worlds attention towards the Israel-Palestine conflict. While Palestinian children scream for their dead parents, the worlds leaders and academics initiated a frantic debate, trying hard to point out the real cause and viable solutions for the current situation. This has led to many peace initiatives by the international community that were unfortunately a devastating failure. This deadlock had left leaders and supporters of both sides blaming each other for their stubbornness, in some cases elevating the unrest in Israel and Palestine (Reynolds). In this difficult condition, it is hard for us to determine what actually caused the failure of the peace talks without being biased towards one side. Therefore, my goal in this essay is to examine the cause of the peace talks failure objectively by observing the history of past peace talks, the reasons for disagreement that are given by Palestine and Israel and the key issues discussed in peace talks. Finally, I will conclude my research by developing my stand on the causes based on the research I have conducted.Before we move on to discussing the cause of peace talks failures, it is crucial that we understand the peace ini tiatives that had occurred between Israel and Palestine. The starting point for the peace talks was UNs Security Council Resolution 1967 which occurred after the 1967 war (Reynolds). This resolution stressed on withdrawal of Israel armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict and . . . respect for and acknowledgment . . . of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and re... ...tinue the Peace Process? No, Its Heading for Disaster. Middle East Quarterly September 1995 23-28.Reynolds, Paul. History of Mid-East peace talks. 27 August 2010. 1 April 2012 .Saad, Lynda and Steve Crabtree. Opinion Briefing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. 30 March 2012. 2 April 2012 .Sabbagh, Karl. Palestine History of a Lost Nation. New Yourk Grove Press, 2006.The Telegraph. Middle East peace talks key issues between Israel and Palestinians. The Telegraph 14 September 2010.Tibi, Ahmad. Pressing Netanyahu is the key to success in Mideast peace talks. 3 September 2010. 1 April 2012 .United Nations Security Council. Resolution 242 (1967). Official Record. New York United Nations, 1967.. Resolution 252 (1968). Official Record. New York United Nations, 1968.

Moral Judgements :: essays research papers

Moral JudgementsJakob Bronowskis book, Science and Human Values argues that the scientific mode of inquiry into reality provides a generally applicable foundation for moral judgement. Bronowski says, in order to keep the study in a manageable field. I will continue to choose a society in which the principle of truth rules. Therefore the society which I will examine is that formed by scientists themselves it is the body of scientists (Bronowski 58). Bronowski forces it clear in his book that he is going to base his study on scientists. There are five measurements in the scientific method of inquiry into reality. The first one being Observation, the second is Hypothesis, the third is Experiments, the fourth is Theory, and the fifth being Publishing. In the books second chapter, The garment of Truth, Bronowski explains how people observe or recognize things. The scientist or artist takes two facts or draws which are separate he finds in them a similitude which had not been seen b efore and he creates a unity by showing the likeness (Bronowski 27). The method of observation requires the scientist to find the similarity in both objects and make a generalization step up of it. The example Bronowski uses of, is a coin. A person first sees the head of the penny and then the tail, and he then concludes that both separate are from the same coin. Bronowski says, we know the thing only by mapping and joining our experiences of its aspects (Bronowski 31).The second step will be making a assumption or an educated guess of what is going to happen. The example Bronowski uses is of this little girl who knew a doctor who wore a hearing aid, thus every time she met a person with a hearing aid, she automatically assumed that the person is a doctor. The generalization that the little girl made was of course mistaken (Bronowski 37).The third step is the test to see if the hypothesis is correct. Bronowski says, the place of experience is to test and correct the concept. The t est is, Will the concept work? Does it give an unforced unity to the experience of men? Does the concept make life orderly, not by edict but in fact? (Bronowski 41). This test makes sure that the results will turn out similar every time according to the conditions of the experiment. The forth step is to compose a theory.

Comparing Maturation in Sons and Lovers, Out Of The Shelter and The Rac

Comparing Maturation in Sons and Lovers by D.H Lawrence, Out Of The Shelter by David burden and The Rachel Papersby Martin Amis Each of these three novels Sons and Lovers by D.H Lawrence, Out Of The Shelter by David Lodge and The Rachel Papers by Martin Amis, examine the transition between childishness and adulthood of the three main characters in each of the texts. Each author represents this transition by showing how all the characters deal with significant stages or events in their lives. The problems which they encounter lead to the maturation of each character which finally leads to the process of growing up taking place. Although each book is set in a different era, where social conventions are very different, many of the problems which each of the characters face remain the same. Sons and Lovers by D.H.Lawrence is set in a working class, coal-mining community in pre-war England. It is against this setting that capital of Minnesota Morel grows up. For Paul, the process of gr owing up means how his relationships with various groups of people and individuals develop and how he himself sees these relationships. The mostsignificant relationships Paul has are those with his parents, the opposite sex and the immaterial world. Pauls childhood is similar to other children in that area of Nottingham in the 1930s. His father spends most evenings drinking, squandering most of the familys income. Paul resents his father for making his mother dumbfound because of this and never questions the fact that it is his mother who drives Mr Morel to drink. Paul is the second of four children and has an unusually close relationship with his mother which intensifies after the death of his elder brother, William. This relationship that Paul has with his mother pre... ...urney which is made by the main character takes place over a relatavely short period of time. The way in which adolescents rites of passage are correspond in all three of my novels conforms to the idea that The subject is the development of the protagonists mind and character, as he passes from childhood through varied experiences - and usually through phantasmal crisis - into maturity and the recognition of his identity and role in the world. Works CitedAmis, Martin. The Rachel Papers. New York Vintage International, 1992.Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers. New York Barnes & Noble, 1996Lodge, David. Out of the Shelter. New York 1985. Powell, Neil. What Life Is The Novels of Martin Amis. PN Review, June 1981 42-45.Spilka, Mark. The Love Ethic of D.H. Lawrence. (1955) 244. Rpt. In TCLC. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 16. Detroit Gale, 1985.

Beginning The Audit Report Essay

I would like to thank you for vesting your telephoner and trust in our sozzled to be your attendants. In this letter an explanation of the general terms and the mathematical process of our audit volition be defined. This is only an educational purpose letter and is non an agreement.THE scrutinize PROCESSAn audit is an examination and study of companies financial statements. The examination is performed with a view to portray an conviction of whether the companies financial statements prove a true and honest statues of the play along. Auditing the activities of the comp both allow for be planned, executed properly and thoroughly reviewed to assure that all statements are in compliance with laws and regulations. The following is the process as to which our firm will be conducting the auditWe have a strict guestele screening process, once the screening process ofthe company is concluded and confirms that youre company is an acceptable guest we will proceed with the next step in the process.Once the screening process is passed we might need to contact the companies previous auditor and have agreed consent from them to proceed. If the previous auditor does not consent or if your company does not allow us authority to contact he previous audit our firm will not perform the audit in your company.After all consents have been given there will be an audit engagement letter that will be put outd to your company, which would represent the agreement between your company and our firm. The agreement would give the fundamental basic terms of the vogue the audit will be performed and what expectations of the firm and company will be.Once your company receives the engagement letter, all data will be collected from your company and the environment. The information collected will allow us to identify problem areas from prior audits.When all data is gathered we will complete a pretend assessment of the company so that the best audit approach may be selected.For low r isk companies we may test controls to analyze whether or not the companies internal controls are functioning followed by a smaller set of substantive testing.If the company is high risk your internal controls are weak, we would will bank heavily on substantive testing in order to make sure that there is no misstatements in the companies accounts.Whichever approach is chosen the analytical process during different parts of the audit will be the same.Once the main acidify is completed we will review the audited work and bring forth any growths to you that have risen from the audit work.When the issues are resolved (if any), the audit report will be issued. This would conclude our audit process on the companies accounts and statements for the year.Attached you will find other documents which will give you a better understanding of the audit process. Please if you have any questions please giftl free to draw up to us.Thank you,The auditors._Attachments_Engagement checklistEngagemen t letterTimeframes for the auditENGAGEMENT CHECKLISTAUDITYES/NOIntroductory letter sent to clientScreening process of client completeFirst meeting with client completeGeneral issues were discussed with clientConsent to contact previous auditor requestedDetailed meeting with client discussing engagement terms heldLetter of engagement sent to clientChanges to scope made (if any)Letter received by client and acceptedAudit timetable model sent to clientENGAGEMENT LETTERToDirectors of Apollo Shoes.This letter serves as representation that we will act as auditors for Apollo Shoes, therefore responsibility of the company and our firm in all respected areas of the audit.MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTSResponsibility of preparation and accurate presentation of the financial statements in accordance with IFRS and SFAS will be held by management. The respected responsibility includesAppropriate accounting policies should be selected and appliedInternal controls relevant to t he preparing and presenting financial statements should be designed and implemented. Financial reports should be free from misstatements. story estimates should be made to a reasonable and circumstantial amount(Apra, 2009).AUDITORS RESPONSIBILITYOur firms responsibility is to give the company an opinion on the financial statements that are presented to us based on our audit findings. We will review all data collected and ascertain that information and work is in compliance with statutes, regulations, GAAP, SFAS, and IFRS. We will also ascertain that the data is in compliance with the code of ethics for professional auditors (Apra, 2009).Audit will include the review and examination of all figures and facts on a test basis. Due to the nature of the test there may still be a risk that near misstatements will go undiscovered. In order to reduce risk we encourage and need Apollo to provide and make necessary arrangements relating to the execution of the audit. Our firm will adopt unre stricted access to all records, documentation and all information requested by our firm. Any representation that the company makes in connection to the audit will be expected to be confirmed and in writing.When the firm feels that there is sufficient work reviewed and completed by the auditors to establish an opinion, the firm will issue and audit report. The report will be given to the company if all issues and circumstances brought forth by the auditors is resolved by the company.FEE AND OTHER ISSUESThe firms fee will be charged on a fixed amount of $12,000 plus an additional hourly wage based on the number of hours worked by the firms staff on your companies audit engagement. This additional fee will vary depending on the level of seniority the individual has and time spent. Our firm will issue a management letter, which will focus on the companies weaknesses in the internal control system, which arose from the audit. This letter is a professional courtesy letter and is not a par t of the audit.Please sign this letter and send it back to us. Once signed, this letter will represent the confirmation of the terms of engagement. This letter will persevere effective until the letter is superseded, canceled or amended.Sincerely,AuditorsOn behalf of directorsSignature __________________________________TIMEFRAMES FOR THE AUDITAUDITDATE COMPLETEDDATE REVIEWEDGathering of knowledge about client fabrication statsProduct rangeMarkets operatedKey customersKey suppliersCompetitorsRisk assessmentInitial analytical proceduresKey evaluation of audit approachSelection basis of samples test receivablesTesting and checking inventoryTesting payablesTesting long-term liabilitiesTesting capital and other shareholders fundsTesting and verifying non-current assetsVerification of cash and bank inside informationFinal analytical reviewReview of post balance sheet eventsApplication of accounting standardsAudit finalizationIssue of audit reportReferencesArens, A.A., Elder, R.J., & Beas ley, M.S. (2012). _Auditing and presumption Services_ (14thed.). Upper Saddle River , NJ Prentice Hall.FASB. (2014).Apra. (2009). _Auditor Report._ Retrieved from http//www.apra.gov.au/Superannuation/upload/AuditReport_Vn2-Sept.pdf

Body of the Paper Essay

population see union as a bond between 2 people that posits responsibility and legalities, as well up as commitment and challenge irregardless of how the ceremony took place. This c erstpt of wedlock hasnt changed over the years. The notion of marriage as a sacrament and not just a contract can be traced from the writings of St. Paul who comp atomic number 18d the race of a husband and wife to that of Christ and his church (Eph. v, 23-32). Different cultures be rich with espousals rituals and usances.The said practices suck in some sort of historical and spiritual explanation amongst people with varying traditions drawn from their ancestors. A certain judgement was incorporated in their culture which makes every(prenominal) ritual unique from one an different. Nonetheless, all of them acknowledge the union of two individuals. One universally known tradition is that of the engagement ring. It is a ring that is given prior to the marriage ceremony ceremony which means that two people ar engaged and are scheduled to be married soon. This custom can be dated back to the ancient Romans. It is believed that the roundness of the ring represents eternity.Therefore, wedding rings symbolizes a union that is to last forever. It was once thought that a vein or nerve ran directly from the ring finger of the left hand to the heart ( conjoin Traditions 2008). The objective of this paper is to review wedding rituals and traditions being practiced by people across cultures. More specifically, we pull up stakes look into the rich and unique wedding practices observed by the Filipinos, Chinese and Hindus. Moreover, we leave study the significance of each wedding ritual for every culture and why it is part of their tradition.Body of the Paper A wedding ceremony is far-famed in recognition of the union or so-called marriage of two people. It may be performed by either a highly-respected religious elder or a government-sanctioned officiator. Marriage more often than not creates commitment between the individuals entangled and withal with their extended families in most cases. Throughout history, and even today, families arrange marriages for bring togethers. The people involved didnt and dont have much to say about the decision. Most partner offs didnt marry because they were in love but for economic contact.People marry for various reasonsit may be one of the following public declaration of love, wants to gain legal, social and economic stability, formation of a family unit or legitimizing sexual relations. Some marriages involved a bride price wherein the aim or his family go out give money or a present to the brides family some required dowry where the brides family will be the one to offer money and gifts to the civilizes family, few had underwent some sort of dating or suit for some duration, but most of us are generally accustomed to our own traditions (Wedding Traditions 2008).In this paper, seven wedding rituals across d ifferent cultures will be discussed. Egyptian, Korean, Lebanese and Libyan wedding traditions will be reviewed. Specifically, the Filipino, Chinese and Hindu wedding rituals will be studied in details and will be compared. Weddings in Egypt are huge family events irregardless of their social status. Even in this generation, some of them serene hold the significance of customs and symbols to the celebration. Al-zaffah is a slow feeler performed by the couples family and friends. It is accompanies by music until they reach the reception hall.Also, the henna party called laylat al-hinna is still an important tradition to them. Egyptian weddings are storeyed with a strength that comes from the respect of family bonds. Like other couples, they also wish for a happy married life. In Korean wedding ceremonies, wild geese is apply as a symbol of faithfulness. The raiments father will throw red dates at the bride for fertility and good luck. In addition to that, cotton plant seeds, red beans and salt are thrown by their neighbors to drive evil booze away. Three days after the wedding, the bride will be sent to the line ups house.There, the bride past crosses a sack of grain and burnt straw to wish for a good harvest. In Lebanese weddings, roses are generally used. The bride then wears bangles and tiara on the wedding day. The new couple will serve ghoraibi to their guests as a symbol of the brides purity. Their weddings are inspired by rose petal shaped chocolates and blank butter cookies. Libyan weddings ceremonies are Islamic in nature and is generally presided by an imam. At the brides house days out front the actual wedding ceremony and reception, the marriage contract is already being signed. At the reception, the couple doesnt eat with their guest.Rice and candy are showered on the bride. a. Filipino Marriage Gone are the days of arranged marriage (kasunduan) and shotgun marriage (pikot) where individuals, the bride and the decorate, had no choice bu t to obey and comply with their elicits wishes of them getting married. However, the Filipino style of courtship (ligawan) and suitors serenade (harana) have been lost over the years, too. These so-called traditional courtship styles have been reduced to dating. SMS messages and emails are means of communication of single men and women in todays generation, and Filipinos have their way of adapting to these changes.though these rituals have vanished as time passes by, engagements and wedding practices are still pretty much the equivalent. Despite these revolutionizations, the essence of marriage remains in Filipinosthat is having the purest and sincerest intentions, respect for the elders and spiritual devotion. a. 1 Filipino Wedding customs duty In early times, Filipino groom-to-be threw his spear at the front steps of his future(a) home, which is said to be a sign that the bride has been communicate for. Nowadays, a ring is used as a symbol of engagement. a. 2 The EngagementPa manhikan is an activity done by Filipino families where the groom and his parents visit the brides family to ask for her in marriage. In this event, wedding plans are included in the said activity participated by both families. The plan includes the discussion of guest magnetic dip and wedding budget. Usually, the groom-to-be is seen to run some errands around the brides house. Paninilbihan is the tradition where the groom-to-be renders service to his future wifes family to gain their approval (Celeste, T. 1997). a. 3 The Ceremony The wedding ceremony lasted for three days during the pre-colonial days.On the first day the couple was brought to the house of babaylan (priest) and will join hands over a plate of raw rice and give blessings to the couple. The priest will then prick the chest of both the bride and groom and draw a little kin on the third day. They then will join hands and proclaim their love for each other three times. The couple will be federal official with cooked r ice by the priest on the same plate and will give them a drink with some of their blood mixed with water. Binding the couples necks and hands with a cord, the priest will then declare them married.Today, most Filipino weddings are performed as Catholic weddings though some infixed ritual still remains. Sponsors are special people chosen by the couple to act as their witnesses. Thy can be godparent, counselors or relatives. Secondary sponsors will take charge to some special parts of the wedding ceremony such(prenominal) as the candle, cord and veil ceremonies. Lighting the candle symbolizes the joining of two families and representing Jesus Christ as the light of their married life. Placing the veil over the brides head and grooms shoulder symbolizes that the two individuals are get together or unified.The cord, which is made of a decorative silk cord called yugal, in a form of figure eight, is placed in the couples shoulders symbolizes everlasting fidelity among the bride and gr oom. Arrhae or 13 coins which are blessed by the priest is given by the groom to his bride as a sign of his commitment, dedication to his wife and future childrens welfare (Filipinafiancevisa. com 2001). b. Chinese Marriage Chinese wedding is a ceremonial rite within Chinese folks wherein marriage is established by pre-arrangement between families. In short, the spouse-to-be of sons and daughters in Chinese families are determined by their parents.Within the Chinese culture, romantic love is prohibited and a monogamous relationship is common among citizens. Between 402-221 B. B. , Chinese marriage started to become a custom. Though the country mainland China has many geographical as and is filled with extended history, generally there are six rituals to be followed, known as the three letters (request letter, gift letter and wedding letter) and six etiquette (proposal, have gotdates, bride price, wedding gifts, arranging the wedding and wedding ceremony). Before modern age, women a nd not allowed to choose the person they will spend the rest of their lives with.Marriages were chosen based upon the needs of reproduction and honor as well as the needs of the husband and father-to-be (The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project 2001). b. 1 Chinese Wedding Customs Ancient Chinese believes in destiny. In prehistoric times, the gods tie a red string around the ankles of a man and a woman who will be a couple in the future. The Chinese tradition of determining their destiny is through their parents. The parents of the groom will write the brides eight characters which her year month, day and hour of birth and will then be placed in their family altar.After three days and nothing unfortunate happened in the family, it is a sign that the match is approved. The same ritual is performed by the brides family. If the match is granted, the celebration begins (About. Com 2008). b. 2 The Engagement Twelve gifts were exchanged by both parties to seal the couples marriage agree ment. Chopsticks are famous engagement gift symbolizing the wish for sons. Usually, the family of the groom sends a whole roast pig to the brides house. In olden times, the brides family will send back the pigs head and hind portion showing that everything has a beginning and an end.The wedding announcement in China is done by the groom providing special cakes to the brides family for it to be sent to family and friends. b. 3 The Ceremony Firecrackers are used to drive away evil spirits and are exculpated upon the arrival of the bride to the wedding ceremony. In a traditional Chinese wedding vow, the couple will kneel before an altar with offerings such as roast pig, ducks and chickens decorated with red candles. With cups tied with red strings, the bride and the groom will then sip wine as a sign of their vow. They will then cross their arms, exchange cups and drink again.The sharing of wine symbolizes the harmony of their married life together. After the event, the bride will ser ve a cup of loving tea to each member of the grooms family (The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project 2001). c. Hindu Wedding Sanskit is the language used for most holy Hindu ceremonies. One of which is the Hindu wedding. Traditionally, Hindu weddings are conducted in this language, thought not always. They have many wedding rituals that have evolved over the years and are different in many ways from the modern western wedding ceremony.The Hindu marriage ceremonies vary in different regions and according to family traditions. The Hindus give a lot of emphasis and significance to marriages and the ceremonies are very colorful and extend for several days. However, modern Hindu weddings are much shorter and do not involve the traditional ceremony that lasted for days. Also, some of their rituals are being altered. Instead, ceremonies are chosen by the couples family depending in their family tradition and class. Therefore, ceremonies differ among various pagan groups that practice Hinduism.Generally, the wedding is conducted under a canopy with four pillars and a sacred fire in the middle of the altar which serves as the witness of the ceremony (National Association of Wedding Ministers 2008). c. 1 Hindu Wedding Customs In Old Hindu wedding ceremonies, the whole family participates in the ceremony, from nephews and nieces to the couples siblings. Moreover, the mothers of the groom and the bride play a special part of the entire celebration. c. 2 The Engagement The priest visits the brides home to recite reading and prayers so as to bless the wedding a few days before the formal wedding ceremony.On the evening before the wedding the groom will come over to the brides house and the brides family will welcome them with a small ceremony. Sometimes, the brides mother will be offering a gift to the grooms mother. During this activity, the couple is not allowed to meet. If they see each other, it is believed that it will bring bad luck to their marriage (National A ssociation of Wedding Ministers 2008). c. 3 The Ceremony The bride is escorted to the canopy by her maternal uncle. On the other hand, the groom is accompanied by the best man and a young girl whose role is to keep him bouncing by shaking a metal pot filled with coins.The entire ceremony is divided into three parts. The Kanyadaan is the first part where the brides parents will subspecies the couples feet with milk and water to cleanse and purify them for a new life together. The Hastamelap or known as the joining of the hands, the couples hand are joined together. The priest will then chant some verses in their holy scripture then a loop pf white raw cotton will be placed around the couples shoulders to symbolize their bond. A small open fire is lit in the center of the place. The brides male relatives will be called to lead the couple to walk around the fire.The number of times that they will walk around the fire will depend on the village they came from. In the southern state of Kerala, couples walk around coconut blossoms instead of a fire. In the couples hands are grains of rice, oats and leaves which symbolizes the blessings of good health, prosperity, happiness and wealth. At the end of the ceremony, rose petals are sprinkled to the couple to ward off evil spirits by the grooms brothers. When the entire ceremony is over, the bride will feed her groom with mouthful of Indian sweets to show her responsibility to cook and take care of him and their children.In turn, the groom does the same act to show that he will provide her needs as well as for their future family. After the rituals, the relatives are invited under the canopy to place red dots in the couples foreheads and sprinkle them with rice grains to wish for a long, happy and prosperous knowledge together (Triveni Wedding card 2007). Discussion Marriage has been a very significant event among men and women. It symbolizes the union of two souls as well as recognition of the bonding of individuals in the presence of a minister or a government-sanctioned officer.In addition to this, wedding rituals have made cultures across nations rich and unique. These rituals exemplify their beliefs and lifestyles which explains some mental theories. This paper primarily focuses on wedding rituals of Filipinos, Chinese and Hindus. The Egyptian, Lebanese, Libyan and Korean wedding styles and traditions were also reviewed. They differ in a way that is shows or portrays their traditions, barely everyone has a common goal and that is to present how two individuals are joined and unified.That is, the need to express and acknowledge the joining of two souls, in the eyes of matinee idol or a government officiator for the recognition to be legalized. Filipino rituals only show how Filipinos value and respect their familys approval for their soon-to-be spouse and that spiritual neaten is important as a commitment and devotion to ones lifetime partner. Valuing family ties can be observed to all F ilipinos. Moreover, this concept can be seen in Filipinos way of livingthat they are still attached to their own families though they already have a family of their own.Chinese, on the other hand, believes in destiny and marriage is pre-determined. Their practices and beliefs show the Chinese way of living. Chinese nowadays are known to bloom in the business field, and from what was discussed in this paper, their marriage also depends on ones economic stability. In addition to that, their rituals show the wealth of every Chinese family showing their capability to build and amaze a family. Lastly, the rituals of the Hindus show more of their spirituality. Driving evil spirits and wishing for happiness, wealth, prosperity and good health are some of the elements significant in the ceremony.Their ceremonies are usually colorful which indicates their lifestyle. Also, since family members and relatives play an important role in the festivity, it shows how significant family togetherness is to them. Having seen and discovered various rituals from different cultures, it clearly illustrates the diversity of peoples beliefs and traditions. It appears that every ritual and practices observed in different nations shows a historical, spiritual and psychological background that explains their lifestyles.Historical in the sense that these practices are drawn from their ancestors and are still practiced nowadays. Spiritual, because they honor and ask blessings from the gods that were introduced in their culture. Moreover, these rituals have specific meaning that will result to spiritual empowerment for the married couple. And lastly psychological, because there are certain reasons why people get married depending on their background and culture, how they choose the person to marry and the effect of their marriage in their future together.In my own point of view, further studies should be recommended for more explicit explanations of reviewed traditions and practices. In add ition to that, results or outcomes should be recorded to analyze the accuracy of certain rituals that are observed. This may be helpful for further developing traditions as to giving more fruitful effects to couples who are soon to be married. In this case, comparing will be avoided to whether what culture is more rich and meaningful rather respect for every cultures belief will be promoted.Though such recommendations may seem tedious as to disrespectfully changing ones belief and modifying a certain culture, acquiring these ideas may also help elevate peoples lifestyle as well as establishing a more logical and significant culture. References About. Com 2008. Chinese Marriage since mid-fifties Retrieved on prove 14, 2008 from http//chineseculture. about. com/library/weekly/aa112200a. htm Celeste, T. 1997. Filipino Wedding Rites. Retrieved on establish 14, 2008 from http//www. snoopydude. com/wedding/filipinowedding. htm Down, J. 2002. Chinese Wedding.Retrieved on March 17, 2008 from Newsfinder 2002, Culture Section. Ehow. com 2008. Wedding Customs and Traditions. 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