What is Child Poverty, its Key Causes and Impacts?

As a result of the economic crisis, the amount of children in risk of poverty is growing. Poverty is considered to be lack of access to financial resources, services and chances for the young people to develop, become successful, confident and flourish. Children in poverty are those ones living in families in low income and who can't meet the adequate standard of life. The failure to protect young people from deprivation is one of the significant mistakes which one society could admit.The highest price is paid by the children, but the society is facing a cost as well: less people with good qualification, lower productivity, poor health education, high risk of unemployment and dependence to social benefits, and loss of community connection. This is the reason why the Government and many independent organisations, like CPAG, Barnardos, JRF, Save the Children, e.g., make a strong attempt to find the solution and end the children poverty, obtaining an efficient resolution required to ana lyse the problem in his dept. To understand what stands behind the meaning we have to examine the factors included in Child Poverty measurement, what causes it and the impacts.It's difficult to clarify the definition of child poverty and to observe the number of young people living in it. To specify the problem, the Government has generated a â€Å"multidimensional measure of child poverty†. The elements in this measurement are created on researches of what's causing the privation and how it impacts on children's lives. The first element is the â€Å"Income†. It's holding the leader position in the adolescent's life, for example, the parents on low income cannot afford to buy accurate clothes and healthy food.The Government is taking into account the â€Å"Material Deprivation† as well. This measure includes factors like the frequency of enjoyable activities and social gatherings families can perform like birthday celebrations, friend's visits and community meet ings.Another component is the â€Å"Poor housing†. Poor housing is an unheated home, congested, overloaded or in unsafe area. Living in that environment can have an instant impact on children's health, comfort and self-esteem.â€Å"Access to Quality Education† is another important component. Attending a school with satisfying facilities and outstanding teachers can emancipate the achievement in children, where the opposite – attending a falling school, could put a stop on a child's motivation and future success. That's why the Government registered it as an important part of the child poverty measurement.Another main point is â€Å"Family Stability†. Children growing in aggressive surroundings, with violent parents and children witnessing divorcement are more likely to develop mental and physical illnesses and behaviour.The last element, â€Å"Parental Health†, has a remarkable effect upon young people. Looking after their ill parents can put a bar rier children’s progress.Multiple factors could cause child poverty, but some of them are very difficult to be identified. That's why we will look at most remarkable ones.â€Å"Workless† is a significant component. This can cause depressive conditions, alcoholism and loss of confidentiality in some parents. It has a negative interference in children’s wellbeing as well, expressed in an inadequate behaviour, lack of interests in future realization and less independence.Additional cause is â€Å"Unmanageable Debt.† The inaccurate financial management can leave parents with less or no money to cover the primary needs of their children. Furthermore, consumer research published in Relate Argument Survey (1998) have found that the â€Å"money issues are the main cause of arguments within couples,† expanding the dangers of family breakdown and stress in youngsters.Working doesn’t always mean that people are far from poverty. There are two  more i mportant factors to be mentioned here: the â€Å"Parental Skill Level† and â€Å"Low Paid Work†. The lack of good qualifications increases the chances of unemployment or low payment. The results are low-income and deprivation. Many circumstances within the family life can cause child poverty, including ineffective beneficial system, disability, e.g., lone parents’ households.Growing up in indigent background has irreversible consequences among children’s welfare, their personality, emotional development and future potential. The poverty affects children’s physical, emotional and psychological health. Injuries and death in youngsters are closely linked to livelihood in poor housings and unsafe areas where the risks factors, like main busy roads and crime, are higher.A range of chronic conditions, like asthma, diabetes and dental caries, iron deficiency anaemia, cerebral palsy, low birth weight and preterm birth are associated with the social depriva tion. Acute illness, pneumonia and tubercular infection are greater among children in social disadvantage. Poor behaviour and emotional problems in children are socially patterned. The crime offences in children, underage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are more common in deprived and disadvantaged communities.Infants born in poor families often develop delay in speech and understanding, and , according to Social Mobility: Narrowing Social Class Educational Attainment Gaps, DfES, (2006)† This gap grows over time, with many poor children failing two years behind by the age of 14.† Many children living in poverty leave school early or without qualification. This has long-lasting impact on their lives because as adults they are facing unemployment, low-income and emotional discomforts.Economic, social and political development of the UK, to some extent, depends on whether children grow up happy, healthy, well educated, protected and confident in themselves. Childhood is short, but it has strong imprint on human life. Children that don’t go to school or have lower qualifications and children that don’t receive good health care may become the marginal part of society for the rest of their lives.By investing in children, the Government can help them break the cycle of poverty which they inherit from their parents. Ending the child poverty can result in an overall reduction of deprivation in the society, preventing the new generation from misery and isolation.

Adolescent Theory

The theories of child development evidently depict the rational process that occurs in adolescent. The following presented in the study justify the processes that occurs in adolescent. Before concluding in the best possible theory for adolescent, let us analyze and scrutinize three major views of adolescent development. According to the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson, the stage of adolescent is role fidelity versus role confusion. In this stage, an adolescent begins to establish his or her own character, personality and ideations. The build of â€Å"who you are† occurs in this phase. Peers influence, social organizations and getting into fads are some of the ways that this stage utilizes to promote appropriate expression of adolescence (McCormick & Pressley, 2006, p.144-146). According to the Cognitive theory of Piaget, this stage of adolescent belongs to the last stage of Formal Operation stage. During this stage, the cognitive functioning is highly organized and develop ed. The child in this stage has the ability to grasp abstract reasoning and theoretical concepts unlike in the former stage, concrete operations, wherein the person moves only through logical operations.This stage is the most flexible stage wherein the reasoning starts to break away from the content and goes right into thought exploration (Pelaez & Novak, 2004, p.225). The last theory to be tackled is the psychosexual theory of Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology. The theory states that the primary contributing factor for man’s overall nature is the libido. In this theory, Freud categorized the stage of adolescence to the Genital stage. This is most advance phase in the theory of psychosexual.It suggests that resurgence of sexual impulses occur in the genital regions of both sexes. Psychologically, this is the phase wherein attraction between the opposite sex occurs. The gratifying centers of the body are the genitals (Sperry, 2003, p.22).In the analysis of the the ories identified, psychosocial theory proves to be the most evident theory that explains the development that occurs in adolescents. It tackles mainly the social background of this particular age group; viewing the relationship mechanism that are employed in their interaction with other individuals.The only weakness; however, is the theories reliance to sole social aspect of adolescent development. Over-all perspective view that adolescent are more inclined in social interactions than any other fields; hence, this theory proves to be the best explanatory perspective for the development of this age group. ReferenceMcCormick, B. C., & Pressley, M. (2006). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. Guilford Press.Pelaez, M. B., & Novack, G. (2004). Child and Adolescent Development: A Behavioral Systems Approach. Sage Publications Inc.Sperry, L. (2004). Sex, Priestly Ministry, and the Church. Liturgical Press.

Commercial Contract Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Commercial Contract Assessment - Essay Example A reasonable person is an imaginary person created by judges. Thus, a reasonable man is one who is an ordinary â€Å"Joe" type of character. According to Howarth (1984), promisor or promisee objectivity is one where a reliable person stands on the shoes of either the promisor or promisee and looks at the incidents from that angle. A detached objective is one where a reasonable person sees if he were in other person’s position, but looks at the incidents, as if â€Å" he is a fly on the wall†. (Taylor & Taylor 2007:22). Spencer also recognised a â€Å" fly on the wall theory† and also known as â€Å" detached objectivity† by Howarth, according to which the phrases employed by one contracting party must be assessed, not as they seemed to his co-contracting party, but as they would have seemed to a rational man following the negotiations. (Vorster, 1987). In Upton-on-Severn R.D.C. v. Powell, where D was authorised to have the services of the fire brigade specified to his province free of charge, whereas he had no such privilege to the assistance of fire brigades from other areas. D, in the mistaken belief, called upon the Upton fire brigade that he resided in their region. The Court of Appeal held D was needed to pay for the services enjoyed contractually. Thus, Lord Greene M.R.s verdict â€Å"appears to be most exceptionally destitute of any ratio decidendi.† The verdict is in tune with the â€Å"fly on the wall† theory, as the fire brigade had not come to a conclusion, nor would a reasonable person in his status have come to a conclusion, from Ds demand for assistance that an offer to reimburse for their services was being made. (Vorster 1987). In â€Å"Butler Machine Tool Co. Ltd. v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd [ 1979] 1 ER 965† the vendor delivered to the purchaser the printed, tear-off acknowledgement slip which was part and parcel of the order. It read as â€Å"we acknowledge your order on the

The Problem of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Problem of Obesity - Essay Example Hilde Bruch says that the claim that obesity runs in the family is one that researchers think may a basis in fact. There would be distinct patterns in behavior that would be handed down from generation to generation as family traditions; such as the preparation of food and eating behaviors. In fact, Bruch points out, if a child comes from a family with two obese parents, a seventy percent incidence in obesity is found among the offspring. Indicating that eating behavior is also a family behavior. Although Bruch is quick to point out that â€Å"Such studies are based on the often unreliable statements of patients, and the ability to record the potentially obese and the actually obese phenotypes makes interpretation of their significance even more difficult..† That was in 1973; today we have more extensive research and testing and even genetic tracking information that builds on what Bruch has posited and demonstrate that in some cases – certainly not all – that ob esity is in fact an inherited trait. In 1998, Robert Pool writes, researchers in Europe conducting tests on obesity found that with regard to a certain patients, and study of the family, a DNA mutation existed that prevented the brain from detecting leptin, a condition associated with diabetes, which is a hereditary condition; that sent the message to the patient’s brain that the patient’s body was starving. â€Å"Thus, in both humans and mice the diabetes mutation produces an obesity almost identical to that produced in the obese mutation. However, it has also been determined that each time the aforementioned appears it has been in â€Å"highly inbred families.† The pattern of first cousins intermarrying is a common one in many developing nations.

The role of John Brown and his quest to end slavery and how it may or Essay

The role of John Brown and his quest to end slavery and how it may or may not have the nation toward Civil War - Essay Example Brown moved to live amongst the black community to lead asafather to the slaves.Varied opinions emerged about his main objective and critics claimed was to arm slaves for a rebellion; he however denied that but eventually, his actions resulted to civil war. At the age of 50, Brown became a radical abolitionist who he deemed God had preferred him to lead slaves to freedom (DeCaro 15). According to him, even if the freeing slaves would entail force that was God’s will. Brown first declared his interest in leading an anti-slavery movement during his meeting with Frederick Douglas (DeCaro 15). In 1847 and according to Douglas, despite being a white man, he sympathized with the Blacks as if he felt the pains and cruelty that characterized their daily lives. In 1854, the Kansas –Nebraska Act gave citizens residing in either of the territories rights to decide whether they will cease from holding onto slavery of persist with it. He took advantage of this and moved to Kansas together with five of his sons. Numerous people who were against servitude also started relocating to Kansas with the intention of securing it for the pro slavery faction. He turned to be a significant icon undertaking anti-slavery guerilla agitations besides initiating slavery attack in Lawrence. In 1856, the invaded the town and killed five of its residence. He did this by combining his efforts together with that of sons to continue opposing slavery in Kansas and Missouri for the remaining part of 1856. Brown decided to launch an attack in Virginia whereby before then embarked on gathering an army and acquiring adequate funding to support his it (Elliot 61). He came up with an army of 21 men comprising of 5 blacks and 16 whites. Preparation took place in the freedman farm as they planned how to capture Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry. In their planning, they provided weapons such as pikes and rifles (DuBois, William, Finkelman, &

Business Econimics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Econimics - Research Paper Example The elasticity of demand might affected too: Since trust is hard to earn and easy to lose, it is likely that once a company has violated ethical standards, consumers will be afraid of getting burnt again and will avoid the company at the first sign of trouble, making their offerings more elastic. Costs might raise: Contractors, suppliers and distributors might ask for a higher price for their service and goods, either because they feel that the company's bargaining position has declined, as insurance against potential malfeasance, or as compensation for the inevitable PR hit. Ethical issues are more likely to occur in deregulated markets (Palast, 2002; Palast, 2004). This is for a few reasons. First: The kind of behavior that occurs in a deregulated market tends to already be less constrained by conventional ethics, meaning that companies that thrive in that environment are already likely to have unorthodox and perhaps unscrupulous cultures and practices. Second: Regulation, both by NGOs and government, tends to make companies more sensitive to the impacts of what they are doing; it might be seen by someone. One of the major ways that Enron managed to get away with so much was the inaction of shareholders and the failure of accounting firms, auditors and regulators (Palast, 2002; Berenbeim, 2002). Consider a rise in demand for computer chips and potato chips. Potato chips are pure luxury items: They are highly elastic, because people can afford to go without potato chips. Computers and the chips that make them up, in contrast, are essential items for business, homes, political agencies and NGOs. The economy runs on telecommunication technology, credit card processing, etc. that is all done through computerized systems. A reduction in demand can't hurt computer makers much, despite the relatively high cost of producing computer chips to potato chips, because they are so essential. In the short run, a potato chip maker might harvest more potatoes, run lines faste r, or pack factories more tightly to increase production. A computer chip maker might do the same thing, but while the occasional green or stale potato chip is not a threat to the potato chip makers' reputation, a failing computer chip costs headaches in bad reviews, tech support headaches and so on. Buying new factories for potato chips is likely to be easy: Buying and properly fitting new factories and training new personnel for computer chips is much harder. In the long run, of course, the potato chip company has to bear in mind that a new health fad, a change in the taste buds and palates of customers, a marketing campaign, or something else might harm the demand for their product. They can't afford to get too much excess. Further, potato chips must be strictly identified according to USDA standards, meaning rebranding is more difficult than it might seem and companies are less flexible than an initial review would suggest (2009). However, computer chip makers know that, in the long run, their product cannot help but grow, as the Third World catches up and computerizes more and more and as more and more products need computer chips. Thus, it's clear that a product that is elastic might have some more flexibility in dealing with spikes, but tends to have difficulty maintaining those spikes and therefore taking advantage of them, whereas a less elastic product might take longer to get

Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Questions - Essay Example US officials, on the other hand, viewed nuclear energy as having potential non-military benefits, thus giving rise to atomic diplomacy, in which the US sought to prove to the USSR that it was capable and willing to execute a nuclear attack (Ross 33). Atomic diplomacy was used in the Korean War, the first confrontation between the two super-powers, during which the US deployed B-29 bombers as a signal of its resolve, although by 1953, this idea was rejected as a means of coercion to further a cease-fire agreement in the conflict (Arnold & Wiener 21). When the USSR acquired capabilities to deliver nuclear war-heads on Western European and US territories in the late 50s, atomic diplomacy gave way to mutual deterrence, in which the two super-powers refrained from attacking each other due to the certainty of mutually assured destruction. During this period in which the USSR, the US, and its allies were separated by the ‘Iron Curtain’, the West’s general policy was to contain Communist states by keeping them within their present borders and hoping for internal failure and division that would end their threat (Arnold & Wiener 22). Although Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) was not the founder of the Civil Rights Movement, he can be considered its formative figure and its de facto leader due to his sacrifices and the influence he had on some of its most seminal milestones (Ward & Badger 18). MLK was one of the first African American leaders to advocate for a social movement against racial segregation that used non-violent means, which was a hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement. He provided leadership for the Civil Rights Movement, which sought to end racial discrimination and segregation against blacks, while also securing federal protection and legal recognition for them as enumerated in federal and constitutional law. He was a major contributor to the Second Reconstruction, which was a